Prolonged institutional rearing is associated with atypically large amygdala volume and difficulties in emotion regulation

Tottenham, Nim; Hare, Todd A.; Quinn, Brian T.; McCarry, Thomas W.; Nurse, Marcella; Gilhooly, Tara; Millner, Alexander; Galvan, Adriana; Davidson, Matthew C.; Eigsti, Inge‐Marie; Thomas, Kathleen M.; Freed, Peter J.; Booma, Elizabeth S.; Gunnar, Megan R.; Altemus, Margaret; Aronson, Jane; Casey, B.J.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00852.x

Cited by 905Child Welfare and AdoptionChild Abuse and TraumaChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 87 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Prolonged institutional rearing is associated with atypically large amygdala volume and difficulties in emotion regulation

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Tottenham, Nim, Hare, Todd A., Quinn, Brian T., McCarry, Thomas W., Nurse, Marcella, Gilhooly, Tara, Millner, Alexander, Galvan, Adriana, Davidson, Matthew C., Eigsti, Inge‐Marie, Thomas, Kathleen M., Freed, Peter J., Booma, Elizabeth S., Gunnar, Megan R., Altemus, Margaret, Aronson, Jane, Casey, B.J.·2010·Developmental Science

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00852.xPMC PMC2817950

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Abstract

Early adversity, for example poor caregiving, can have profound effects on emotional development. Orphanage rearing, even in the best circumstances, lies outside of the bounds of a species‐typical caregiving environment. The long‐term effects of this early adversity on the neurobiological development associated with socio‐emotional behaviors are not well understood. Seventy‐eight children, who include those who have experienced orphanage care and a comparison group, were assessed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure volumes of whole brain and limbic structures (e.g. amygdala, hippocampus). Emotion regulation was assessed with an emotional go‐nogo paradigm, and anxiety and internalizing behaviors were assessed using the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, the Child Behavior Checklist, and a structured clinical interview. Late adoption was associated with larger corrected amygdala volumes, poorer emotion regulation, and increased anxiety. Although more than 50% of the children who experienced orphanage rearing met criteria for a psychiatric disorder, with a third having an anxiety disorder, the group differences observed in amygdala volume were not driven by the presence of an anxiety disorder. The findings are consistent with previous reports describing negative effects of prolonged orphanage care on emotional behavior and with animal models that show long‐term changes in the amygdala and emotional behavior following early postnatal stress. These changes in limbic circuitry may underlie residual emotional and social problems experienced by children who have been internationally adopted.

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Maltreated children have higher amygdala volume.
“In the same vein, it has been shown that maltreated children have higher amygdala volume (Lupien et al., 2011;Tottenham et al., 2010).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Tottenham et al., 2010
The Results (Morphometry; page not provided) report significantly larger amygdala volumes in children adopted after 15 months of institutional care than in early-adopted and comparison children. They report no significant difference between the institutional-care group as a whole and the comparison group. The claim generalizes this finding to maltreated children broadly and omits the duration-of-care qualification. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Atypical presentations of these same stress-response systems have implications for understanding emotion dysregulation and a range of internalizing and externalizing symptoms.
“and recent data suggest that atypical presentations of these same systems have implications for understanding emotion dysregulation (Miller et al. 2017b, Tottenham et al. 2010) and a range of both internalizing and externalizing symptoms (Burghy et al. 2012, Chen et al. 2015, Nederhof et al. 2015, Slavich & Irwin 2014).”
From Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems. (2019) · cites this paper as Tottenham et al. 2010
Children with histories of severe neglect show marked problems in many other domains, including psychopathology, social competence, emotional reactivity, and academic achievement.
“children with histories of severe neglect show marked problems in many other domains, including psychopathology (34), social competence (35), emotional reactivity (36), and academic achievement (37)”
From Long-term effects of institutional rearing, foster care, and brain activity on memory and executive functioning (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
Induced early life stress is associated with amygdalar hypertrophy in primates, with increased volumes also found in children exposed to neglect and mild maternal disengagement.
“Induced early life stress has been associated with amygdalar hypertrophy in primates (73), with increased volumes also found in children exposed to both neglect (74) and mild maternal disengagement (75).”
From Childhood Trauma, the HPA Axis and Psychiatric Illnesses: A Targeted Literature Synthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [74]
Disorganized attachment during infancy predicts greater amygdala volume.
“Longitudinal studies27 as well as studies of children raised in orphanages28 indicate that disorganized attachment during infancy predicts greater amygdala volume—a hypothesized biomarker of difficulty with emotion regulation28.”
From Psychobiological factors of resilience and depression in late life (2019) · cites this paper as [28]

The hippocampus is highly stress susceptible with sensitive periods in early childhood and puberty, but stress effects on it are less persistent.
“The hippocampus is also highly stress susceptible, with sensitive periods in early childhood and during the pubertal period, but effects of stress are less persistent (15, 24, 47).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [24]
Extreme deprivation dramatically alters neural architecture and functioning.
“Extreme deprivation dramatically alters neural architecture and functioning.”
From Normalization of EEG activity among previously institutionalized children placed into foster care: A 12-year follow-up of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2016) · cites this paper as Tottenham et al., 2010
Children deprived of a stable responsive caregiver show high insecure and disorganized attachment and atypical affective development, including heightened emotional reactivity, accelerated amygdala development, poor emotion regulation, and atypical stress reactivity.
“Children deprived of a stable and responsive caregiver exhibit high levels of insecure and disorganized attachment and atypical affective development characterized by heightened emotional reactivity, accelerated functional development of the amygdala, poor emotion regulation, and atypical stress reactivity.(25, 32–37)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [33]
Smaller left amygdala and larger right amygdala volumes were reported in a small study of previously institutionalized children, but these patterns have not been replicated in larger studies.
“Smaller left amygdala volume and larger right amygdala volume were reported in a small study of previously-institutionalized children,(128) but these patterns have not been replicated in larger studies.(33, 129)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [33]
Stress-induced amygdala morphology and volume changes seem to persist.
“In contrast, stress-induced amygdala morphology and volume changes seem to persist (Vyas et al., 2002, Adamec et al., 2005, Tottenham et al., 2010).”
From The impact of developmental timing for stress and recovery (2015) · cites this paper as Tottenham et al., 2010
In children reared in orphanages abroad and later adopted into stable families, earlier adoption is better.
“In studies of children reared in orphanages abroad and later adopted into stable families, the findings consistently suggest that earlier adoption is better (Rutter, 1998, Gunnar et al., 2000, Tottenham et al., 2010).”
From The impact of developmental timing for stress and recovery (2015) · cites this paper as Tottenham et al., 2010
Human maternal deprivation early in life is associated with atypical frontoamygdala development and function, including greater amygdala volume, amygdala hyperactivity, and less prefrontal activity to emotional stimuli.
“Human studies of maternal deprivation early in life have shown atypical frontoamygdala development and function with greater amygdala volume, amygdala hyperactivity, and less prefrontal activity to emotional stimuli, as well as long-term impairments in anxiety and social behavior (Mehta et al., 2009, Zeanah et al., 2009, Tottenham et al., 2010, Tottenham et al., 2011).”
From The impact of developmental timing for stress and recovery (2015) · cites this paper as Tottenham et al., 2010, Tottenham et al., 2011
Human maternal deprivation early in life is associated with long-term impairments in anxiety and social behavior.
“Human studies of maternal deprivation early in life have shown atypical frontoamygdala development and function with greater amygdala volume, amygdala hyperactivity, and less prefrontal activity to emotional stimuli, as well as long-term impairments in anxiety and social behavior (Mehta et al., 2009, Zeanah et al., 2009, Tottenham et al., 2010, Tottenham et al., 2011).”
From The impact of developmental timing for stress and recovery (2015) · cites this paper as Tottenham et al., 2010, Tottenham et al., 2011
Reduced amygdala volume in youth with CD is counter to the enlarged amygdala volumes found in children with experiences of early deprivation.
“The finding of reduced amygdala volume is counter to the enlarged amygdala volumes found in children with experiences of early deprivation (Tottenham et al, 2010).”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as Tottenham et al, 2010

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The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress
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Adverse childhood experiences, allostasis, allostatic load and age-related disease
Danese, A., & McEwen, B. S. (2012) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.019 · Cited by 2,140
The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity
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Inequality in early childhood: risk and protective factors for early child development
Walker, S. P., Wachs, T. D., Grantham-McGregor, S., Black, M. M., Nelson, C. A., Huffman, S. L., Baker-Henningham, H., Chang, S. M., Hamadani, J. D., Lozoff, B., et al. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60555-2 · Cited by 1,756
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Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012 · Cited by 1,389
“his lack of an early attachment figure, a central feature of early uman experience, has been investigated and reviewed extenively by Tottenham and colleagues (Gee et al., 2013; Tottenham, 012; Tottenham et al., 2010), and as such we do not review these ffects in depth.”
Background
Effects of early life stress on cognitive and affective function: an integrated review of human literature
Pechtel, P., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2009-2 · Cited by 1,352
More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science
Epel, E. S., Crosswell, A. D., Mayer, S. E., Prather, A. A., Slavich, G. M., Puterman, E., & Mendes, W. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.001 · Cited by 1,077
“…early life stress to disease development may be mediated by early changes in neural pathways regulating stress, such as amygdala connectivity (e.g., Tottenham et al., 2010), biological pathways such as chronic inflammation in adulthood (Slopen et al., 2010; Surtees et al., 2003; Danese et al.,…”
Background
Childhood maltreatment and psychopathology: a case for ecophenotypic variants as clinically and neurobiologically distinct subtypes
Teicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12070957 · Cited by 1,050
Current research trends in early life stress and depression: Review of human studies on sensitive periods, gene–environment interactions, and epigenetics
Heim, C., & Binder, E. B. (2012) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.10.032 · Cited by 986
Social influences on neuroplasticity: stress and interventions to promote well-being
Davidson, R. J., & McEwen, B. S. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3093 · Cited by 892
Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: A Systematic Review
McLaughlin, K. A., Weissman, D., & Bitrán, D. (2019) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950 · Cited by 892
The Effects of Poverty on Childhood Brain Development: The Mediating Effect of Caregiving and Stressful Life Events
Luby, J., Belden, A., Botteron, K., Marrus, N., Harms, M. P., Babb, C., Nishino, T., & Barch, D. (2013) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3139 · Cited by 733
Psychobiological mechanisms underlying the social buffering of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis: a review of animal models and human studies across development
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Neuroimaging of child abuse: a critical review
Hart, H., & Rubia, K. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00052 · Cited by 660
Behavioral problems after early life stress: contributions of the hippocampus and amygdala
Hanson, J. L., Nacewicz, B. M., Sutterer, M. J., Cayo, A. A., Schaefer, S. M., Rudolph, K. D., Shirtcliff, E. A., Pollak, S. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.04.020 · Cited by 627
Maternal cortisol over the course of pregnancy and subsequent child amygdala and hippocampus volumes and affective problems
Buss, C., Davis, E. P., Shahbaba, B., Pruessner, J. C., Head, K., & Sandman, C. A. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1201295109 · Cited by 652
The stress acceleration hypothesis: effects of early-life adversity on emotion circuits and behavior
Callaghan, B. L., & Tottenham, N. (2016) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.11.018 · Cited by 585
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Adverse childhood experiences and the consequences on neurobiological, psychosocial, and somatic conditions across the lifespan
Herzog, J. I., & Schmahl, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00420 · Cited by 583
The temporal elements of psychological resilience: an integrative framework for the study of individuals, families, and communities
Bonanno, G. A., Romero, S. A., & Klein, S. I. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.992677 · Cited by 551
Neural correlates of socioeconomic status in the developing human brain
Noble, K. G., Houston, S. M., Kan, E., & Sowell, E. R. (2012) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01147.x · Cited by 542
Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression strategies role in the emotion regulation: an overview on their modulatory effects and neural correlates
Cutuli, D. (2014) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00175 · Cited by 484
The storm and stress of adolescence: insights from human imaging and mouse genetics
Casey, B. J., Jones, R. M., Levita, L., Libby, V., Pattwell, S. S., Ruberry, E. J., Soliman, F., & Somerville, L. H. (2010) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20447 · Cited by 480
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Elevated amygdala response to faces following early deprivation
Tottenham, N., Hare, T. A., Millner, A., Gilhooly, T., Zevin, J. D., & Casey, B. J. (2011) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.00971.x · Cited by 468
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Social Structure, Adversity, Toxic Stress, and Intergenerational Poverty: An Early Childhood Model
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Variation in neural development as a result of exposure to institutionalization early in childhood
Sheridan, M. A., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1200041109 · Cited by 432
Environment and Brain Plasticity: Towards an Endogenous Pharmacotherapy
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Preventing Childhood Toxic Stress: Partnering With Families and Communities to Promote Relational Health
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Larger amygdala but no change in hippocampal volume in 10-year-old children exposed to maternal depressive symptomatology since birth
Lupien, S. J., Parent, S., Evans, A. C., Tremblay, R. E., Zelazo, P. D., Corbo, V., Pruessner, J. C., & Séguin, J. R. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1105371108 · Cited by 379
Childhood Trauma Exposure Disrupts the Automatic Regulation of Emotional Processing
Marusak, H. A., Martin, K. R., Etkin, A., & Thomason, M. E. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.311 · Cited by 343
Sensitive periods of amygdala development: the role of maltreatment in preadolescence
Pechtel, P., Lyons-Ruth, K., Anderson, C. M., & Teicher, M. H. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.025 · Cited by 342
“2 (11.10) 28 (84.80) x2 = 26.15 .001 t1:8 U N C O R R E C was found in children who had experienced prolonged institutional deprivation (Mehta et al., 2009; Tottenham et al., 2010) or rearing by chronically depressedmothers (Lupien et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Gray matter abnormalities in childhood maltreatment: a voxel-wise meta-analysis
Lim, L., Radua, J., & Rubia, K. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13101427 · Cited by 336
The Impact of Childhood Maltreatment: A Review of Neurobiological and Genetic Factors
McCrory, E., De Brito, S. A., & Viding, E. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00048 · Cited by 329
Early-life stress has persistent effects on amygdala function and development in mice and humans
Malter Cohen, M., Jing, D., Yang, R. R., Tottenham, N., Lee, F. S., & Casey, B. J. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1310163110 · Cited by 307
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Stress and the adolescent brain
Tottenham, N., & Galván, A. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.030 · Cited by 324
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Effects of early life stress on depression, cognitive performance and brain morphology
Saleh, A., Potter, G. G., McQuoid, D. R., Boyd, B., Turner, R., MacFall, J. R., & Taylor, W. D. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716002403 · Cited by 301
Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences
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Widespread Reductions in Cortical Thickness Following Severe Early-Life Deprivation: A Neurodevelopmental Pathway to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Winter, W., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.016 · Cited by 288
Arrested development? Reconsidering dual-systems models of brain function in adolescence and disorders
Pfeifer, J. H., & Allen, N. B. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.04.011 · Cited by 299
The link between child abuse and psychopathology: A review of neurobiological and genetic research
McCrory, E., De Brito, S. A., & Viding, E. (2012) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1258/jrsm.2011.110222 · Cited by 292
Maternal Systemic Interleukin-6 During Pregnancy Is Associated With Newborn Amygdala Phenotypes and Subsequent Behavior at 2 Years of Age
Graham, A. M., Rasmussen, J. M., Rudolph, M. D., Heim, C. M., Gilmore, J. H., Styner, M., Potkin, S. G., Entringer, S., Wadhwa, P. D., Fair, D. A., et al. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.05.027 · Cited by 282
The neuro-environmental loop of plasticity: a cross-species analysis of parental effects on emotion circuitry development following typical and adverse caregiving
Callaghan, B. L., & Tottenham, N. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.204 · Cited by 268
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Annual Research Review: Attachment disorders in early childhood – clinical presentation, causes, correlates, and treatment
Zeanah, C. H., & Gleason, M. M. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12347 · Cited by 265
The impact of developmental timing for stress and recovery
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Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context
Schriber, R. A., & Guyer, A. E. (2016) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.12.009 · Cited by 246
Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems.
Miller, A. B., & Prinstein, M. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095625 · Cited by 235
“…data suggest that atypical presentations of these same systems have implications for understanding emotion dysregulation (Miller et al. 2017b, Tottenham et al. 2010) and a range of both internalizing and externalizing symptoms (Burghy et al. 2012, Chen et al. 2015, Nederhof et al. 2015,…”
Background
Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology
Humphreys, K. L., & Zeanah, C. H. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.165 · Cited by 231
Duration of early adversity and structural brain development in post-institutionalized adolescents
Hodel, A. S., Hunt, R. H., Cowell, R. A., Van Den Heuvel, S. E., Gunnar, M. R., & Thomas, K. M. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.020 · Cited by 220
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“In the same vein, it has been shown that maltreated children have higher amygdala volume (Lupien et al., 2011; Tottenham et al., 2010).”
Psychobiological factors of resilience and depression in late life
Laird, K. T., Krause, B., Funes, C., & Lavretsky, H. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0424-7 · Cited by 229
Understanding heterogeneity in grey matter research of adults with childhood maltreatment-A meta-analysis and review
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Amygdala activation in maltreated children during pre-attentive emotional processing
McCrory, E. J., De Brito, S. A., Kelly, P. A., Bird, G., Sebastian, C. L., Mechelli, A., Samuel, S., & Viding, E. (2013) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.116624 · Cited by 215
Association between childhood maltreatment and adult emotional dysregulation in a low-income, urban, African American sample: Moderation by oxytocin receptor gene
Bradley, B., Westen, D., Mercer, K. B., Binder, E. B., Jovanovic, T., Crain, D., Wingo, A., & Heim, C. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000162 · Cited by 213
Effect of Early Institutionalization and Foster Care on Long-term White Matter Development: A Randomized Clinical Trial
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Effects of institutional rearing and foster care on psychopathology at age 12 years in Romania: follow-up of an open, randomised controlled trial
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Reduced orbitofrontal and temporal grey matter in a community sample of maltreated children
De Brito, S. A., Viding, E., Sebastian, C. L., Kelly, P. A., Mechelli, A., Maris, H., & McCrory, E. J. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02597.x · Cited by 194
Gut memories: Towards a cognitive neurobiology of irritable bowel syndrome
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Influences of prenatal and postnatal maternal depression on amygdala volume and microstructure in young children.
Wen, D. J., Poh, J. S., Ni, S. N., Chong, Y.-S., Chen, H., Kwek, K., Shek, L. P., Gluckman, P. D., Fortier, M. V., Meaney, M. J., et al. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.74 · Cited by 186
FKBP5 and emotional neglect interact to predict individual differences in amygdala reactivity
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Childhood Trauma, the HPA Axis and Psychiatric Illnesses: A Targeted Literature Synthesis
Murphy, F., Nasa, A., Cullinane, D., Raajakesary, K., Gazzaz, A., Sooknarine, V., Haines, M., Roman, E., Kelly, L., O'Neill, A., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.748372 · Cited by 181
“Induced early life stress has been associated with amygdalar hypertrophy in primates (73), with increased volumes also found in children exposed to both neglect (74) and mild maternal disengagement (75).”
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Altered water diffusivity in cortical association tracts in children with early deprivation identified with tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS)
Govindan, R. M., Behen, M. E., Helder, E., Makki, M. I., & Chugani, H. T. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp122 · Cited by 172
Mineralocorticoid receptor Iso/Val (rs5522) genotype moderates the association between previous childhood emotional neglect and amygdala reactivity
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Resilience and the brain: a key role for regulatory circuits linked to social stress and support
Holz, N. E., Tost, H., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0551-9 · Cited by 162
Translating basic research knowledge on the biological embedding of early-life stress into novel approaches for the developmental programming of lifelong health
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Human amygdala development in the absence of species‐expected caregiving
Tottenham, N. (2012) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20531 · Cited by 149
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Authors: Tottenham, N., Hare, T. A., Quinn, B. T., McCarry, T. W., Nurse, M., Gilhooly, T., Millner, A., Galvan, A., Davidson, M. C., Eigsti, I., Thomas, K. M., Freed, P. J., Booma, E. S., Gunnar, M. R., Altemus, M., Aronson, J., & Casey, B. J.
Affiliations: Cornell University (US)
California Institute of Technology (US)
University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
University of Connecticut (US)
University of Minnesota (US)
Columbia University (US)
Corresponding author: Tottenham, Nim
ORCID: Tottenham, Nim
Hare, Todd A.
Millner, Alexander
Eigsti, Inge‐Marie
Thomas, Kathleen M.
Gunnar, Megan R.
Altemus, Margaret
Casey, B.J.
Venue: Developmental Science
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2009-12-09
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 46-61
ISSN: 1363-755X (ISSN-L)
1467-7687
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00852.x
PMC: PMC2817950
OpenAlex: W1890675559
Cited by: 905
References: 87
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 125 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 65 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 43
FWCI: 68.51
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.zora.uzh.ch
Licence: other-oa
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Developmental Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH079513, R01MH073175, R01MH091864)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: institutional upbringing, amygdala volume, emotion regulation, childhood adversity, late adoption, anxiety disorders, internalizing problems, limbic system, hippocampus, emotional development, postpartum stress, social-emotional behavior
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adoption, Age Factors, Amygdala, Analysis of Variance, Brain Mapping, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Emotions, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Photic Stimulation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Orphanages, Checklist

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Prolonged institutional rearing is associated with atypically large amygdala volume and difficulties in emotion regulation

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