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Physical Activity and Television Watching in Relation to Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Men
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Television (TV) watching, a major sedentary behavior in the United States, has been associated with obesity. We hypothesized that prolonged TV watching may increase risk for type 2 diabetes. METHODS: In 1986, 37 918 men aged 40 to 75 years and free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer completed a detailed physical activity questionnaire. Starting from 1988, participants reported their average weekly time spent watching TV on biennial questionnaires. RESULTS: A total of 1058 cases of type 2 diabetes were diagnosed during 10 years (347 040 person-years) of follow-up. After adjustment for age, smoking, alcohol use, and other covariates, the relative risks (RRs) for type 2 diabetes across increasing quintiles of metabolic equivalent hours (MET-hours) per week were 1.00, 0.78, 0.65, 0.58, and 0.51 (P for trend, <.001). Time spent watching TV was significantly associated with higher risk for diabetes. After adjustment for age, smoking, physical activity levels, and other covariates, the RRs of diabetes across categories of average hours spent watching TV per week (0-1, 2-10, 11-20, 21-40, and >40) were 1.00, 1.66, 1.64, 2.16, and 2.87, respectively (P for trend, <.001). This association was somewhat attenuated after adjustment for body mass index, but a significant positive gradient persisted (RR comparing extreme categories, 2.31; P for trend,.01). CONCLUSIONS: Increasing physical activity is associated with a significant reduction in risk for diabetes, whereas a sedentary lifestyle indicated by prolonged TV watching is directly related to risk. Our findings suggest the importance of reducing sedentary behavior in the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
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“In several studies, investigators reported on the persistence of these associations even among persons active enough to meet physical activity recommendations.[13-20]”
From Using accelerometers to measure physical activity in large-scale epidemiological studies: issues and challenges (2014) · cites this paper as [13]
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Rajpathak, S. N., Rimm, E. B., Morris, J. S., & Hu, F. B. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2005.10719472 · Cited by 120
Self-citationPan, A., Sun, Q., Okereke, O. I., Rexrode, K. M., Rubin, R. R., Lucas, M., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., & Hu, F. B. (2011) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2268-4 · Cited by 123
Self-citationWijndaele, K., Brage, S., Besson, H., Khaw, K.-T., Sharp, S. J., Luben, R., Bhaniani, A., Wareham, N. J., & Ekelund, U. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020058 · Cited by 117
Olive oil consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in US women
Guasch‐Ferré, M., Hruby, A., Salas‐Salvadó, J., Martínez‐González, M. Á., Sun, Q., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2015) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.112029 · Cited by 119
Self-citationKeadle, S. K., Libertine, A., STAUDENMAYER, J. W., & Freedson, P. S. (2011) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2012/282303 · Cited by 123
A Review of TV Viewing and Its Association With Health Outcomes in Adults
Williams, D. M., Raynor, H. A., & Ciccolo, J. T. (2008) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827608314104 · Cited by 113
Sedentary behaviours and obesity in adults: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
HEINONEN, I. H. A., Helajärvi, H., Pahkala, K., Heinonen, O. J., Hirvensalo, M. H., Pälve, K. S., Tammelin, T., Yang, X., Juonala, M., Mikkilä, V., et al. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002901 · Cited by 124
Horton, E. S. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.388 · Cited by 111
Type 2 diabetes and risk of colorectal cancer in two large U.S. prospective cohorts
Ma, Y., Yang, W., Song, M., Smith‐Warner, S. A., Yang, J., Li, Y., Ma, W., Hu, Y., Ogino, S., Hu, F. B., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-018-0314-4 · Cited by 111
Self-citationZhao, R., Bu, W., Chen, Y., & Chen, X. (2019) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-019-1298-3 · Cited by 111
BDNF, Metabolic Risk Factors, and Resistance Training in Middle-Aged Individuals
Levinger, I., Goodman, C. A., Matthews, V. B., Hare, D. L., Jerums, G., GARNHAM, A. P., & Selig, S. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31815dd057 · Cited by 112
Physical activity, sedentary behavior and depression among disadvantaged women
Teychenne, M. J., Ball, K., & Salmon, J. (2010) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyq008 · Cited by 110
Validity of Self-Reported Measures of Workplace Sitting Time and Breaks in Sitting Time
Clark, B., Thorp, A. A., WINKLER, E. A. H., Gardiner, P. A., Healy, G. N., Owen, N. G., & Dunstan, D. W. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31821820a2 · Cited by 110
Obesity, Physical Inactivity, and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease
Dubbert, P. M., Carithers, T., Hall, J. E., Barbour, K. A., Clark, B. L., Sumner, A. E., & Crook, E. D. (2002) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-200209000-00002 · Cited by 113
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and 20 year incidence of periodontitis and tooth loss
Jiménez, M. C., Hu, F. B., Marino, M., Li, Y., & JOSHIPURA, K. J. (2012) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2012.09.039 · Cited by 108
Self-citationClark, B., Sugiyama, T., Healy, G. N., Salmon, J., Dunstan, D. W., Shaw, J. E., Zimmet, P., & Owen, N. G. (2010) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.7.5.595 · Cited by 108
Crichton, G. E., & Alkerwi, A. (2015) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-015-0085-3 · Cited by 111
Guo, C., Zhou, Q., Zhang, D., Qin, P., Li, Q., Tian, G., Liu, D., Chen, X., Liu, L., Liu, F., et al. (2019) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13867 · Cited by 116
Advanced research on risk factors of type 2 diabetes
Bi, Y., Wang, T., Xu, M., Xu, Y., Li, M., Lu, J., Zhu, X., & Ning, G. (2012) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2352 · Cited by 110
Metadata
- Authors
- Hu, F. B., Leitzmann, M. F., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2001-06-25
- Volume
- 161
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1542
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2034114152
- Cited by
- 828
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 56
- FWCI
- 12.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- nrs.harvard.edu
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL035464, HL35464)
- National Cancer Institute (CA-55075)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, television viewing, sedentary behavior, physical activity, diabetes risk, men, body mass index, metabolic equivalent hours, diabetes prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Health Surveys, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Probability, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Television, United States, Health Behavior, Exercise, Comorbidity, Incidence, Confidence Intervals, Age Distribution, Risk Assessment
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