Processed meat intake and incidence of Type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women
Open accessAbstract
Aim/hypothesis The aim of this study was to investigate the association between processed and other meat intake and incidence of Type 2 diabetes in a large cohort of women.Methods Incident cases of Type 2 diabetes were identified during 8 years of follow-up in a prospective cohort study of 91246 U.S. women aged 26 to 46 years and being free of diabetes and other major chronic diseases at baseline in 1991.Results We identified 741 incident cases of confirmed Type 2 diabetes during 716276 person-years of follow-up. The relative risk adjusted for potential non-dietary confounders was 1.91 (95% CI: 1.42-2.57) in women consuming processed meat five times or more a week compared with those consuming processed meat less than once a week ( p<0.001 for trend). Further adjustment for intakes of magnesium, cereal fibre, glycaemic index, and caffeine or for a Western dietary pattern did not appreciably change the results and associations remained strong after further adjustment for fatty acid and cholesterol intake. Frequent consumption of bacon, hot dogs, and sausage was each associated with an increased risk of diabetes. While total red meat (beef or lamb as main dish, pork as main dish, hamburger, beef, pork or lamb as sandwich or mixed dish) intake was associated with an increased risk of diabetes, this association was attenuated after adjustment for magnesium, cereal fiber, glycaemic index, and caffeine (relative risk: 1.44; 95% CI: 0.92-2.24).Conclusion/interpretation Our data suggest that diets high in processed meats could increase the risk for developing Type 2 diabetes.
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Anything that decreases the amount of unliganded iron, such as decreasing total dietary iron intake e.g. from red meat, must be helpful.
“However, we note that anything that decreases the amount of unliganded iron, such as decreasing the total dietary iron intake e.g. from red meat, must be helpful [1156,2144].”
From Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases (2009) · cites this paper as [2144]
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- Authors
- Schulze, M. B., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schulze, M. B.
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2003-11-01
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1465-1473
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- OpenAlex
- W2083085951
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 10.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Diabetes Association
- Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute (CA50385, R01CA050385)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- processed meat, type 2 diabetes, red meat, women, young and middle-aged women, dietary risk factors, bacon, hot dogs, sausage, magnesium, cereal fiber, glycemic index, caffeine, Western dietary pattern, diabetes incidence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Meat, Meat Products, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, United States, Reproducibility of Results, Cohort Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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