Caffeinated and caffeine-free beverages and risk of type 2 diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Background Consumption of caffeinated beverages such as coffee and tea has been associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Paradoxically, short-term metabolic studies have shown that caffeine impairs postprandial glycemic control. Objective The objective was to prospectively examine the association of caffeinated compared with caffeine-free beverages, including coffee, tea, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and carbonated artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs), with T2D risk. Design We prospectively observed 74,749 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS, 1984-2008) and 39,059 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS, 1986-2008) who were free of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer at baseline. Results We documented 7370 incident cases of T2D during 24 y of follow-up in the NHS and 2865 new cases during 22 y of follow-up in the HPFS. After major lifestyle and dietary risk factors were controlled for, caffeinated and caffeine-free SSB intake was significantly associated with a higher risk of T2D in the NHS (RR per serving: 13% for caffeinated SSBs, 11% for caffeine-free SSBs; P < 0.05) and in the HPFS (RR per serving: 16% for caffeinated SSBs, 23% for caffeine-free SSBs; P < 0.01). Only caffeine-free ASB intake in NHS participants was associated with a higher risk of T2D (RR: 6% per serving; P < 0.001). Conversely, the consumption of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee was associated with a lower risk of T2D [RR per serving: 8% for both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee in the NHS (P < 0.0001) and 4% for caffeinated and 7% for decaffeinated coffee in the HPFS (P < 0.01)]. Only caffeinated tea was associated with a lower T2D risk among NHS participants (RR per serving: 5%; P < 0.0001). Conclusion Irrespective of the caffeine content, SSB intake was associated with a higher risk of T2D, and coffee intake was associated with a lower risk of T2D.
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Emerging evidence supports a role of sugar-sweetened beverages in the aetiology of obesity and cardiometabolic risk.
“This may be an important consideration given the emerging evidence of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) in the aetiology of obesity( 102 , 103 ) and cardiometabolic risk( 104 , 105 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [104]
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- Authors
- Bhupathiraju, S. N., Pan, A., Malik, V. S., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., van Dam, R. M., & Hu, F. B.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-01
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 155-166
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3522135
- OpenAlex
- W2143660175
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 16.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL60712, R01HL060712)
- National Cancer Institute (CA-87969, CA055075, P01CA087969)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845, DK58845)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, caffeine, caffeinated beverages, sugar-sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, coffee, tea, decaffeinated coffee, postprandial glucose control, diabetes risk
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Beverages, Caffeine, Carbonated Beverages, Coffee, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Sweetening Agents, Tea, Body Mass Index, Multivariate Analysis, Proportional Hazards Models
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