Effects of a Randomized Controlled Trial of Transcendental Meditation on Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in Subjects With Coronary Heart Disease
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The metabolic syndrome is thought to be a contributor to coronary heart disease (CHD), and components of the syndrome have been identified as possible therapeutic targets. Previous data implicate neurohumoral activation related to psychosocial stress as a contributor to the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of transcendental meditation (TM) on components of the metabolic syndrome and CHD. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 16 weeks of TM or active control treatment (health education), matched for frequency and time, at an academic medical center in a total of 103 subjects with stable CHD. Main outcome measures included blood pressure, lipoprotein profile, and insulin resistance determined by homeostasis model assessment (calculated as follows: [(fasting plasma glucose level [in milligrams per deciliter] x fasting plasma insulin level [in microunits per milliliter]) x 0.0552]/22.5); endothelial function measured by brachial artery reactivity testing; and cardiac autonomic system activity measured by heart rate variability. RESULTS: The TM group had beneficial changes (measured as mean +/- SD) in adjusted systolic blood pressure (-3.4 +/- 2.0 vs 2.8 +/- 2.1 mm Hg; P = .04), insulin resistance (-0.75 +/- 2.04 vs 0.52 +/- 2.84; P = .01), and heart rate variability (0.10 +/- 0.17 vs -0.50 +/- 0.17 high-frequency power; P = .07) compared with the health education group, respectively. There was no effect of brachial artery reactivity testing. CONCLUSIONS: Use of TM for 16 weeks in CHD patients improved blood pressure and insulin resistance components of the metabolic syndrome as well as cardiac autonomic nervous system tone compared with a control group receiving health education. These results suggest that TM may modulate the physiological response to stress and improve CHD risk factors, which may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of CHD.
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Physical activity may improve glycemic control through suppression of the sympathetic nervous system.
“PA may improve glycemic control not only through skeletal muscle contraction as noted above, but also through suppression of the sympathetic nervous system.”
From The Impact of Physical Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
Stress responses can worsen insulin resistance by sympathetically stimulating neural vasoconstriction, leading to less glucose delivery to skeletal muscle and decreased glucose uptake.
“Stress responses can worsen insulin resistance by sympathetically stimulating neural vasoconstriction of vessels, leading to less glucose delivery to skeletal muscle and therefore decreased glucose uptake.”
From The Impact of Physical Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
Yoga, tai-chi, and qigong may help decrease sympathetic response and improve skeletal muscle glucose delivery.
“PA such as yoga, tai-chi, and qigong emphasize breathwork and relaxation techniques, which may help decrease sympathetic response and improve skeletal muscle glucose delivery.”
From The Impact of Physical Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
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- Authors
- Paul-Labrador, M., Polk, D., Dwyer, J. H., Velasquez, I., Nidich, S., Rainforth, M., Schneider, R., & Merz, C. N. B.
- Affiliations
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2006-06-12
- Volume
- 166
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1218
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2056050741
- Cited by
- 284
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 14.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01at000226-02)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (1-P50-AA0082-02)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01-HL51519-08, 1-R15-HL660242-01, R01HL051519)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000425, M01-RR00425)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01 AT00226)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- transcendental meditation, metabolic syndrome, coronary artery disease, insulin resistance, blood pressure, heart rate variability, cardiac autonomic nervous system, endothelial function, brachial artery reactivity, lipoprotein profile, psychosocial stress, health education
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Coronary Disease, Female, Humans, Male, Single-Blind Method, Meditation, Metabolic Syndrome
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