Meditation and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: We meta-analyzed the effect of meditation on blood pressure (BP), including both transcendental meditation and non-transcendental meditation interventions. METHODS: We identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined the BP responses to meditation interventions through a systematic literature search of the PubMed, ABI/INFORM, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases (from January 1980 to October 2015). We meta-analyzed the change in SBP and DBP, stratified by type of meditation (transcendental meditation vs. non-transcendental meditation intervention) and by type of BP measurement [ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) vs. non-ABPM measurement]. RESULTS: Nineteen studies met the eligibility criteria. Among the studies using the ABPM measurement, the pooled SBP effect estimate was -2.49 mmHg [95% confidence interval (CI): -7.51, 2.53] for transcendental meditation intervention (statistically insignificant) and -3.77 mmHg (95% CI: -5.33, -2.21) for non-transcendental meditation interventions, whereas the pooled DBP effect estimate was -4.26 mmHg (95% CI: -6.21, -2.31) for transcendental meditation interventions and -2.18 mmHg (95% CI: -4.28, -0.09) for non-transcendental meditation interventions. Among the studies using the non-ABPM measurement, the pooled SBP effect estimate from transcendental meditation interventions was -5.57 mmHg (95% CI: -7.41, -3.73) and was -5.09 mmHg with non-transcendental meditation intervention (95% CI: -6.34, -3.85), whereas the pooled effect size in DBP change for transcendental meditation interventions was -2.86 mmHg (95% CI: -4.27, -1.44) and was -2.57 mmHg (95% CI: -3.36, -1.79) for non-transcendental meditation interventions. CONCLUSION: Non-transcendental meditation may serve as a promising alternative approach for lowering both SBP and DBP. More ABPM-measured transcendental meditation interventions might be needed to examine the benefit of transcendental meditation intervention on SBP reduction.
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Some, but not all, studies and meta-analyses have found that meditation can decrease various forms of psychological and psychosocial distress such as perceived stress, anxiety, and negative affect; increase smoking cessation rates; and modestly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures.
“Some, but not all, studies and meta-analyses have found that meditation can decrease various forms of psychological and psychosocial distress such as perceived stress, anxiety, and negative affect; increase smoking cessation rates; and modestly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures. 81,213-218”
From Psychological Health, Well-Being, and the Mind-Heart-Body Connection: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2021) · cites this paper as [213]
The effect of mindfulness-based interventions has been observed to increase with the age of the participants.
“The effect of MBIs has been observed to increase with the age of the participants [44].”
From Mobile-Delivered Mindfulness Intervention on Anxiety Level Among College Athletes: Randomized Controlled Trial (2024) · cites this paper as [44]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Shi, L., Zhang, D., Wang, L., Zhuang, J., Cook, R., & Chen, L.
- Affiliations
- East Tennessee State University (US)
- University of Georgia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Donglan
- Venue
- Journal of Hypertension
- Published
- 2017-04
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 696-706
- ISSN
- 0263-6352 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2561931426
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 0.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Keywords
- meditation, blood pressure, transcendental meditation, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, hypertension, relaxation intervention, blood pressure reduction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Blood Pressure, Blood Pressure Determination, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Meditation, Young Adult
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