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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Somatization Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Patients diagnosed as having somatization disorder (SD) who present with a lifetime history of multiple, medically unexplained physical symptoms represent a significant challenge to health care providers. To date, no psychotherapeutic or pharmacologic intervention has been found to produce clinically meaningful improvement in symptoms or functioning of patients with SD. We examined the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for SD. METHODS: Eighty-four participants meeting criteria for SD were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions: (1) standard medical care augmented by a psychiatric consultation intervention or (2) a 10-session, manualized, individually administered CBT regimen added to the psychiatric consultation intervention. Assessments were conducted at baseline and 3, 9, and 15 months after baseline. The primary outcome measure was the severity scale of the Clinical Global Impression Scale for Somatization Disorder (CGI-SD). Secondary outcome measures were responder status as determined by clinical ratings, self-reported measures of physical functioning and somatic symptoms, and health care utilization assessed via medical records. RESULTS: Fifteen months after baseline, somatization symptoms were significantly less severe in the group treated with CBT (0.84 points on the CGI-SD 7-point scale) (P<.001). Patients treated with CBT also were significantly more likely to be rated as either very much improved or much improved than patients treated with only augmented standard medical care (40% [n = 17] vs 5% [n = 2]). Cognitive-behavioral therapy was associated with greater improvements in self-reported functioning and somatic symptoms and a greater decrease in health care costs. CONCLUSION: For patients diagnosed as having SD, CBT may produce clinical benefits beyond those that result from the current state-of-the-art treatment.
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“and reduced overall service use when offering individual CBT for somatisation disorder . 15”
From Cognitive behaviour therapy for long-term frequent attenders in primary care: A feasibility case series and treatment development study (2016) · cites this paper as [15]
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“This study sits among other studies demonstrating that service use can be reduced using CBT. 14-16”
From Cognitive behaviour therapy for long-term frequent attenders in primary care: A feasibility case series and treatment development study (2016) · cites this paper as [15]
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“A recent trial examined the benefit of CBT for patients with somatization disorder, in which patients have a preoccupation with physical symptoms that are disproportionate to any identifiable pathophysiologic process.(62) CBT was effective in this study, and the gains were maintained so that at follow-up months after…”
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“An RCT in somatization disorder showed similarly positive results.(34) Other uncontrolled studies have shown similar treatment effects for CBT in dissociative (nonepileptic) seizures(33) and for more broad-based psychotherapy in a range of functional neurologic symptoms.”
ResultPsychogenic Movement Disorders
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“DSM-IV-SD had a female predominance (75–89%), with an age range typically be-tween 20 and 50 years old (Guz et al. , 2004; Allen et al. , 2006; Garcia-Campayo et al. , 2007; Kuwabara et al. , 2007; Manchikanti et al. , 2007; Fjorback et al. , 2013; Prerana et al. , 2017).”
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“Interestingly in a Cochrane review on non-pharmacological interventions for MUS [18] this RCT obtained the highest treatment response (RR = 5.40; 95% CI: 1.71; 17.07) in comparison to the other included CBT-RCTs (2.34 ≤ RR ≤ 4.77).”
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“Manualization of interventions is used extensively in health fields [63-66] and adds methodological rigor to our study design.”
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“[12] reported on health care utilization pre and post-treatment in a study testing a psychiatric consultation intervention plus 10 sessions of individual cognitive behavioral therapy for somatization disorder.”
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“15 Only two studies have explicitly considered repeated service use in MUS, however, and only one identified those frequently attending for 2 years.”
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“Cognitive–behavioral interventions addressing anxiety and/or somatization have been effective at decreasing symptom severity, disability, and healthcare utilization (Allen et al., 2006; Martin et al., 2007).”
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BackgroundNew Directions in the Treatment of Somatization
Woolfolk, R. L., Allen, L. A., & Tiu, J. (2007) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2007.07.001 · Cited by 18
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McAndrew, L. M., Friedlander, M. L., Litke, D. R., Phillips, L. A., Kimber, J. M., & Helmer, D. A. (2019) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000019888874 · Cited by 13
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Metadata
- Authors
- Allen, L. A., Woolfolk, R. L., Escobar, J. I., Gara, M. A., & Hamer, R. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- ORCID
- Escobar, Javier I.
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2006-07-24
- Volume
- 166
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 1512
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2095986335
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2025: 7 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 9.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k08mh001662-03)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P20MH074634, K08 MH01662, R21MH066831)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
- Keywords
- somatization disorder, cognitive behavioral therapy, medically unexplained symptoms, psychiatric consultation, treatment efficacy, health care utilization, health care costs, physical function
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Severity of Illness Index, Somatoform Disorders, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome
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