Cited by 1,368Health disparities and outcomesAging and Gerontology ResearchHealth, psychology, and well-being

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Price of Adaptation—Allostatic Load and Its Health Consequences: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging

Seeman, Teresa E.·1997·Archives of Internal Medicine

DOI 10.1001/archinte.1997.00440400111013

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Exponential growth in the population of older adults presents clinicians with special concerns about factors affecting risks for declines in cognitive and physical functioning. OBJECTIVES: To examine the hypothesis that risks for such declines and for disease outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease, are related to differences in allostatic load, the cumulative physiologic toll exacted on the body over time by efforts to adapt to life experiences. To present an operational definition of allostatic load, along with preliminary evidence of its predictive validity in relation to salient outcomes of aging. METHODS: Data from a longitudinal, community-based study of successful aging were used to develop a measure of allostatic load based on 10 parameters reflecting levels of physiologic activity across a range of important regulatory systems. Allostatic load is the sum of the number of parameters for which the subject was rated in the highest-risk quartile. RESULTS: Higher allostatic load scores were associated with poorer cognitive and physical functioning and predicted larger decrements in cognitive and physical functioning as well as being associated with an increased risk for the incidence of cardiovascular disease, independent of sociodemographic and health status risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Findings are consistent with the conceptualization of allostatic load as an index of wear and tear on the body, with elevations in allostatic load predicting an increased risk for a decline in cognitive and physical functioning as well as cardiovascular disease in a cohort of older men and women. From a clinical perspective, the concept of allostatic load may provide the basis for a more comprehensive assessment of major risks in the aging process.

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Authors: Seeman, T. E.
Affiliations: University of Southern California (US)
Corresponding author: Seeman, Teresa E.
ORCID: Seeman, Teresa E.
Venue: Archives of Internal Medicine
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1997-10-27
Volume: 157
Issue: 19
Pages: 2259
ISSN: 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archinte.1997.00440400111013
OpenAlex: W2052143620
Cited by: 1,368
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 60 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 52
FWCI: 14.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (AG00586)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
Keywords: allostatic load, successful aging, cognitive decline, cardiovascular risk, older adults, aging, aging biomarkers
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Adaptation, Psychological, Aged, Aging, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Risk

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