Age differences in allostatic load: an index of physiological dysregulation
Abstract
This preliminary report examines variation in allostatic load by age for a large nationally representative population of the United States. It uses data on 13 indicators of physiologic dysregulation from a nationally representative sample of the US population 20 years of age and over. Allostatic load is remarkably constant in the older ages after increasing sharply in the years from 20 to 60. We hypothesize that this represents mortality selectivity of the population by physiological status.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Empirical research provides evidence of the cumulative nature of allostatic load across the life-course.
“Empirical research has also provided evidence of the cumulative nature of AL across the life-course 183”
From Socio‐economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load (2010) · cites this paper as [183]
Empirical research supports the hypothesis that added stresses and resource constraints associated with lower SES are associated with faster accumulation of allostatic load, i.e., greater age-specific burdens of allostatic load.
“as well as evidence supporting the hypothesis that the added stresses and resource constraints associated with lower SES are associated with faster accumulation of AL (i.e., greater age-specific burdens of AL).”
From Socio‐economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load (2010) · cites this paper as [183]
Cites
Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories
Wilson, P. W. F., D’Agostino, R. B., Levy, D., Belanger, A. M., Silbershatz, H., & Kannel, W. B. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.97.18.1837 · Cited by 9,581 · see citing works
Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators
McEwen, B. S. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801153380307 · Cited by 6,733 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This study investigates age differences in allostatic load, a summary indicator of physiological challenge that has been both developed theoretically and related to a variety of health outcomes in a number of recent studies (McEwen, 1998; McEwen and Stellar, 1993; Seeman et al., 1997, 2001; Sterling and Eyer, 1988).”
BackgroundThe metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men
Lakka, H.-M. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.21.2709 · Cited by 5,033 · see citing works
McEwen, B. S. (1993) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.153.18.2093 · Cited by 4,365 · see citing works
Allostasis: A New Paradigm to Explain Arousal Pathology
Sterling, P., & Eyer, J. (1988) · Zenodo · doi:10.5281/zenodo.13537700 · Cited by 1,450 · see citing works
Handbook of Life Stress, Cognition and Health
PASTOR, L. H. (1989) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.146.10.1347 · Cited by 1,402 · see citing works
Allostatic load as a marker of cumulative biological risk: MacArthur studies of successful aging
Seeman, T. E., McEwen, B. S., Rowe, J. W., & Singer, B. H. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.081072698 · Cited by 1,385 · cited 3× · see citing works
“In other samples where this has been operationalized, those at risk have been defined as those in the highest risk quartile of the indicator for the MacArthur study (Seeman et al., 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSeeman, T. E. (1997) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1997.00440400111013 · Cited by 1,368 · see citing works
Loss of 'Complexity' and Aging
Lipsitz, L. A. (1992) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03480130122036 · Cited by 1,268 · see citing works
Handbook of Life Stress, Cognition and Health
Fisher, S., & REASON, J. T. (1988) · Cited by 575 · see citing works
Hierarchies of Life Histories and Associated Health Risks
SINGER, B., & RYFF, C. D. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08108.x · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Loss of 'complexity' and aging. Potential applications of fractals and chaos theory to senescence
Lipsitz, L. A. (1992) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.267.13.1806 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Mantón, K. G., Woodbury, M. A., & Stallard, E. (1995) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/35.5.597 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Mortality and health in human life spans
Crimmins, E. M. (2001) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(00)00248-5 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationKannisto (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
“Weathering” and Age Patterns of Allostatic Load Scores Among Blacks and Whites in the United States
Geronimus, A. T., Hicken, M., Keene, D., & Bound, J. (2006) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.060749 · Cited by 2,525 · see citing works
Allostatic load and its impact on health: A systematic review
Guidi, J., Lucente, M., Sonino, N., & Fava, G. A. (2021) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000510696 · Cited by 1,266 · see citing works
Chronic stress, cognitive functioning and mental health
Marin, M.-F., Lord, C., Andrews, J., Juster, R.-P., Sindi, S., Arsenault-Lapierre, G., Fiocco, A. J., & Lupien, S. J. (2011) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2011.02.016 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Socio‐economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load
Seeman, T., Epel, E., Gruenewald, T., Karlamangla, A., & McEwen, B. S. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05341.x · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Self-citationJuster, R.-P., Bizik, G., Picard, M., Arsenault-Lapierre, G., Sindi, S., Trepanier, L., Marin, M.-F., Wan, N., Sekerovic, Z., Lord, C., et al. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000289 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Combinations of biomarkers predictive of later life mortality
Gruenewald, T. L., Seeman, T. E., Ryff, C. D., Karlamangla, A. S., & Singer, B. H. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0606215103 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Self-citationWidom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., Kozakowski, S. S., & Chauhan, P. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.05.002 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Yang, Y., & Kozloski, M. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glr003 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Yang, Y. C., Schorpp, K., & Harris, K. M. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.02.013 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Social allostasis: anticipatory regulation of the internal milieu
Schulkin, J. (2011) · Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnevo.2010.00111 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
SEPLAKI, C., GOLDMAN, N., GLEI, D., & WEINSTEIN, M. (2005) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2005.03.002 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Religious Service Attendance and Allostatic Load Among High-Functioning Elderly
Maselko, J., Kubzansky, L., Kawachi, I., Seeman, T., & Berkman, L. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31806c7c57 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationDimensions of religious involvement and leukocyte telomere length
Hill, T. D., Ellison, C. G., Burdette, A. M., Taylor, J., & Friedman, K. L. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.04.032 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Robertson, T., Beveridge, G., & Bromley, C. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183297 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Association of allostatic load with brain structure and cognitive ability in later life
Booth, T., Royle, N. A., Corley, J., Gow, A. J., Valdés Hernández, M. D. C., Muñoz Maniega, S., Ritchie, S. J., Bastin, M. E., Starr, J. M., Wardlaw, J. M., et al. (2015) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.12.020 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Measurement of cumulative physiological dysregulation in an older population
Seplaki, C. L., Goldman, N., Weinstein, M., & Lin, Y.-H. (2006) · Demography · doi:10.1353/dem.2006.0009 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Stress, Allostatic Load, and Health of Mexican Immigrants<sup>*</sup>
Kaestner, R., Pearson, J. A., Keene, D., & Geronimus, A. T. (2009) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00648.x · Cited by 171 · see citing works
- Authors
- Crimmins, E. M., Johnston, M., Hayward, M., & Seeman, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Crimmins, Eileen M.
- Venue
- Experimental Gerontology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-07
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 731-734
- ISSN
- 0531-5565 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2114290620
- Cited by
- 303
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 6.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Experimental Gerontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ag017055-03)
- National Institute on Aging (P30 AG17265, R01-AG17055, P30AG017265)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- allostatic load, age differences, physiological dysregulation, aging, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Aging, C-Reactive Protein, Creatinine, Cross-Sectional Studies, Fibrinogen, Health Status Indicators, Health Surveys, Homocysteine, Humans, Hypertension, Middle Aged, Peak Expiratory Flow Rate, Risk Factors, Serum Albumin, Stress, Physiological, United States, Biomarkers, Selection Bias, Body Mass Index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review