The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Positive-Affect Intervention and Medication Adherence in Hypertensive African Americans
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Poor adherence explains poor blood pressure (BP) control; however African Americans suffer worse hypertension-related outcomes. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial evaluated whether a patient education intervention enhanced with positive-affect induction and self-affirmation (PA) was more effective than patient education (PE) alone in improving medication adherence and BP reduction among 256 hypertensive African Americans followed up in 2 primary care practices. Patients in both groups received a culturally tailored hypertension self-management workbook, a behavioral contract, and bimonthly telephone calls designed to help them overcome barriers to medication adherence. Also, patients in the PA group received small gifts and bimonthly telephone calls to help them incorporate positive thoughts into their daily routine and foster self-affirmation. The main outcome measures were medication adherence (assessed with electronic pill monitors) and within-patient change in BP from baseline to 12 months. RESULTS: The baseline characteristics were similar in both groups: the mean BP was 137/82 mm Hg; 36% of the patients had diabetes; 11% had stroke; and 3% had chronic kidney disease. Based on the intention-to-treat principle, medication adherence at 12 months was higher in the PA group than in the PE group (42% vs 36%, respectively; P =.049). The within-group reduction in systolic BP (2.14 mm Hg vs 2.18 mm Hg; P = .98) and diastolic BP (-1.59 mm Hg vs -0.78 mm Hg; P = .45) for the PA group and PE group, respectively, was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: A PE intervention enhanced with PA led to significantly higher medication adherence compared with PE alone in hypertensive African Americans. Future studies should assess the cost-effectiveness of integrating such interventions into primary care. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00227175.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These findings are also consistent with prior studies 14,16,17 of positive psychology interventions in other medical cohorts that have found improvements in psychological and health behavior outcomes.”
From Feasibility and acceptability of a positive psychological intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Positive psychology-based programs have also led to improvements in health behaviors in studies of patients with hypertension or heart disease, 15-17”
From Feasibility and acceptability of a positive psychological intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Likewise, a pair of larger studies implementing a positive psychology-based program found no intervention effect on blood pressure at 1 year. 211,212”
From Psychological Health, Well-Being, and the Mind-Heart-Body Connection: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2021) · cites this paper as [212]
In the citing paper
“Interventions that explicitly target positive emotion show promise for improving health outcomes in a number of chronic illnesses, including diabetes [16,17], heart disease [18,19], hypertension [20,21], depression [22,23], and HIV [24].”
In the citing paper
“More recently, randomized controlled trials of PP-related interventions in heart and lung disease patients led to improvements from baseline health behaviors (medication adherence and physical activity) [46–48].”
From Positive Psychological Interventions for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Rationale, Theoretical Model, and Intervention Development (2015) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“Even more promising are the findings from randomized trials [47, 48] of PP-type interventions in patients with cardiovascular illness that found such interventions to be associated with significantly greater improvements in health behaviors (e.g., physical activity [48] and medication adherence [47]) than in the control conditions.”
From Positive Psychological Interventions for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Rationale, Theoretical Model, and Intervention Development (2015) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“PP programs have also been found to improve psychological and health outcomes in individuals with chronic medical conditions such as heart disease, hypertension, and HIV [26–31].”
From Well-being interventions for individuals with diabetes: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [29]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Charlson, M. E., Pompei, P., Ales, K. L., & MacKenzie, C. R. (1987) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8 · Cited by 49,742
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
Chobanian, A. V. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.19.2560 · Cited by 25,386
Chobanian, A. V., Bakris, G. L., Black, H. R., Cushman, W. C., Green, L. A., Izzo, J. L., Jones, D. W., Materson, B. J., Oparil, S., Wright, J. T., et al. (2003) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000107251.49515.c2 · Cited by 13,271
Human agency in social cognitive theory.
Bandura, A. (1989) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.44.9.1175 · Cited by 8,263
A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance
Steele, C. M. (1997) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.52.6.613 · Cited by 6,770
Concurrent and Predictive Validity of a Self-reported Measure of Medication Adherence
Morisky, D. E., Green, L. W., & Levine, D. M. (1986) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-198601000-00007 · Cited by 5,399
DiMatteo, M. R., Lepper, H. S., & Croghan, T. W. (2000) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.160.14.2101 · Cited by 4,177
Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving.
Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1122 · Cited by 2,986
Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2004) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/0144665031752934 · Cited by 2,957
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 43 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–231 of 231
Developing a Storytelling Study for African Americans with Hypertension:
Cuffee, Y., Burse, N. R., Jaffe, R., & Hargraves, J. L. (2022) · Delaware Journal of Public Health · doi:10.32481/djph.2022.10.010 · Cited by 2
Grant, A. M. (2013) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) · Cited by 2
Commentary: Proposal for an Update of the Definition and Scope of Behavioral Medicine
Lau, J. T. F. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-016-9615-2 · Cited by 2
Development and evaluation of the Flourish Diabetes Programme
Kruger, S., Deacon, E., van Rensburg, E., & Segal, D. (2025) · Health SA Gesondheid · doi:10.4102/hsag.v30i0.2923 · Cited by 1
Positive Psychology Interventions and Cardiovascular Health
Hernández, R., Kwon, S., VELA, A. M., & Edwards, K. S. (2026) · Cardiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2025.12.001 · Cited by 1
Qidwai, W., Kazmi, K. A., & Nanji, K. (2016) · Middle East Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.5742/meim.2016.92861 · Cited by 1
Study design of BETTER-BP: Behavioral economics trial to enhance regulation of blood pressure
Dodson, J. A., Schoenthaler, A., Fonceva, A., Gutierrez, Y., Shimbo, D., Banco, D., Maidman, S. D., Olkhina, E., Hanley, K., Lee, C., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Cardiology Cardiovascular Risk and Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.ijcrp.2022.200156 · Cited by 1
Finkelstein, L. B., Bright, E. E., Gu, H. C. J., & Arch, J. J. (2024) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaae064 · Cited by 1
O'Brien, A. (2014) · Cited by 1
Huffman, J. C., Healy, B. C., Jacobson, L. H., Harnedy, L. E., Bell, M., Carrillo, A., & Celano, C. M. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05267-9 · Cited by 1
Frishman, W. H. (2012) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.05.009 · Cited by 1
Understanding medication adherence : a self-report measure and a dual-process framework
Kleppe, M. (2016) · TU/e Research Portal · Cited by 2
Campos, C. F. C. (2021) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2021.tde-06122021-122817 · Cited by 23
Hoeppner, B. B., Siegel, K. R., Carlon, H. A., Kahler, C. W., Park, E. R., Taylor, S. T., Simpson, H. V., & Hoeppner, S. S. (2022) · doi:10.2196/preprints.38234 · Cited by 1
Diabetes mellitus and health outcomes: the role of positive affect
Patel, M. R. (2013) · University of Brighton Repository (University of Brighton)
Seixas, A. A. (2015) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-015-3382-7
Over-reporting of p-values in the medical literature should be discouraged
Brass, E. P. (2012) · Clinical Investigation · doi:10.4155/cli.12.35
Chandrashekhar, Y. (2013) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.04.002
Éducation et observance thérapeutique dans l'hypertension artérielle
Bitton, S., Dreyfuss-Tubiana, C., Yannoutsos, A., Lelong, H., Kretz, S., Emmerich, J., & Blacher, J. (2017)
Factors Associated with Self-Management in African Americans with Hypertension
Bolin, L. P. (2017) · The Scholarship East Carolina University's Institutional Repository (East Carolina University)
Improving Medication Adherence among Patients with Coronary Heart Disease
(2019) · Family Medicine and Primary Care Open Access · doi:10.29011/2688-7460.100033
Simning, A., Caprio, T. V., Infurna, F. J., & Seplaki, C. L. (2019) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2019.1693973
Self‐Affirmation and Responses to Health Messages
Sweeney, A. M., & Moyer, A. E. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119057840.ch138
Exploration of Gratitude in Cardiovascular Health: Mediators, Medication Adherence and Psychometrics
Cousin, L. (2019) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Reconceptualizing self-affirmation with the Trigger and Channel FrameworkPreprint
Ferrer, R. A., & Cohen, G. L. (2018) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/y3j5a
Thompson, M. B. (2022) · Delaware Journal of Public Health · doi:10.32481/djph.2022.12.010
Amonoo, H. L., Daskalakis, E. P., Lam, J. A., Wolfe, E. D., Guo, M., Onyeaka, H., Newcomb, R. A., Barata, A., Ghanime, P. M., Keane, E. P., et al. (2024) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2024.2410929
Harris, P. R., & Jessop, D. C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-89095-6_9
Arch, J. J., Russell, S., Genung, S. R., Donahue, M. L., & Levin, M. E. (2026) · BMJ Connections Oncology · doi:10.1136/bmjconc-2025-000097
Massey, C. N., Millstein, R. A., Feig, E. H., Chung, W., Huffman, J. C., Henneman, I., Bidgood, M., Cors, X., Sarma, A. A., Amonoo, H. L., et al. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.107722
Metadata
- Authors
- Ogedegbe, G. O.
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2012-02-27
- Volume
- 172
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 322
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4669680
- OpenAlex
- W2135465619
- Cited by
- 230
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 21.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01hc25196-0-0-0)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01 HC025196)
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (P60MD003421)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Medication Adherence and Compliance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Keywords
- medication adherence, hypertension, African Americans, self-affirmation, patient education, blood pressure control, culturally tailored interventions, telephone follow-up, behavioral contracts, primary care
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Antihypertensive Agents, Black or African American, Blood Pressure, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Patient Education as Topic, Primary Health Care, Self Administration, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Disease Management, Health Status Disparities, Medication Adherence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
