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Growth and Associations Between Auxology, Caregiving Environment, and Cognition in Socially Deprived Romanian Children Randomized to Foster vs Ongoing Institutional Care
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: To determine effects of improved nurturing compared with institutional care on physical growth and to investigate the association between growth and cognitive development. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial beginning in infants (mean age, 21.0 months; range, 5-32 months), with follow-up at 30, 42, and 54 months of age. SETTING: Institutionalized and community children in Bucharest, Romania. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred thirty-six healthy institutionalized children from 6 orphanages and 72 typically developing, never-institutionalized children. INTERVENTION: Institutionalized children were randomly assigned to receive foster care or institutional care as usual. OUTCOME MEASURES: Auxology and measures of intelligence over time. RESULTS: Growth in institutionalized children was compromised, particularly in infants weighing less than 2500 g at birth. Mean height and weight, though not head size, increased to near normal within 12 months in foster care. Significant independent predictors for greater catch-up in height and weight included age younger than 12 months at randomization, lower baseline z scores, and higher caregiving quality, particularly caregiver sensitivity and positive regard. Baseline developmental quotient, birth weight, and height catch-up were significant independent predictors of cognitive abilities at follow-up. Each incremental increase of 1 in standardized height scores between baseline and 42 months was associated with a mean increase of 12.6 points (SD, 4.7 points) in verbal IQ (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Foster care had a significant effect on growth, particularly with early placement and high-quality care. Growth and IQ in low-birth-weight children are particularly vulnerable to social deprivation. Catch-up growth in height under more nurturing conditions is a useful indicator of caregiving quality and cognitive improvement.
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“In a follow-up study extending to 54 months, only those in the FCG showed substantial growth in both height and weight, and all FCG participants were within the normal range of growth trajectories 12 months after randomization (Johnson et al., 2010).”
From Long-term cardiometabolic effects of early institutionalization and foster care: Evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Johnson et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moderate to strong improvements in physical growth; moderate improvements in stress responses”
From Resilience following severe early life neglect: A review of longitudinal evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Johnson et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Foster care placement before 24 months of age has been associated with better child and adolescent outcomes (e.g., cognition, brain function, attachment, physical growth) compared to placement after 24 months of age (Johnson et al., 2010;Nelson et al., 2007;Smyke et al., 2010;Vanderwert et al., 2016).”
From Resilience following severe early life neglect: A review of longitudinal evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Johnson et al., 2010
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In the citing paper
“Decades of research have shown that early institutionalization is most strongly linked to delayed physical growth (e.g., height and weight) (Johnson et al., 2010), smaller brains (Nelson et al., 2007;Sheridan et al., 2012), and lower scores on cognition tests (Bos et al., 2009;Smyke et al., 2007;Van IJzendoorn et al., 2020).”
From Resilience following severe early life neglect: A review of longitudinal evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Johnson et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“Once in a family, children have demonstrated steep improvements across domains (Johnson, et al., 2010; Van Ijzendoorn, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & Juffer, 2007), including weight and head circumference (Rutter & O’Connor, 2004), as well as showing evidence during childhood and adolescence of improvement on cognitive testing (Beckett, et al., 2006; Fox, Almas, Degnan, Nelson, & Zeanah, 2011; van den D”
From Risk and developmental heterogeneity in previously institutionalized children (2012) · cites this paper as Johnson, et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“Notably, children with a history of early psychosocial deprivation have smaller volume of the superior-posterior cerebellar lobes, and superior-posterior lobe volume mediates neuropsychological test performance differences between groups of postinstitutionalized versus typically developing children, with larger volumes yielding better outcomes on tests of memory and planning.37”
From Motor outcomes in children exposed to early psychosocial deprivation (2014) · cites this paper as [37]
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“42 months, a binary age variable was incorporated into models based on our previous finding that placement into foster care prior to the age of 24 months led to better cognitive recovery.(18) Duration of intervention was not included, as this parameter was previously shown not to affect cognitive outcome in BEIP.”
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Zeanah, C. H., Smyke, A. T., Koga, S. F., Carlson, E., & The Bucharest Early Intervention Project Core Group (2005) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00894.x · Cited by 516 · cited 1×
“The Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP), the first randomized controlled study of foster vs institutional care, offered a unique opportunity to study growth within otherwise healthy institutionalized children with a known duration of social deprivation.(13-32) As opposed to previous studies reporting on growth…”
Self-citationZEANAH, C. H., NELSON, C. A., FOX, N. A., SMYKE, A. T., MARSHALL, P., PARKER, S. W., & KOGA, S. (2003) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579403000452 · Cited by 447 · cited 4×
“The Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP), the first randomized controlled study of foster vs institutional care, offered a unique opportunity to study growth within otherwise healthy institutionalized children with a known duration of social deprivation.(13-32) As opposed to previous studies reporting on growth…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationInstitutional rearing and psychiatric disorders in Romanian preschool children
Zeanah, C. H., Egger, H. L., Smyke, A. T., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., Marshall, P. J., & Guthrie, D. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08091438 · Cited by 365
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Self-citationPlacement in foster care enhances quality of attachment among young institutionalized children
Smyke, A. T., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Guthrie, D. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01390.x · Cited by 324
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [32]Zeanah CH Egger HL Smyke AT Institutional rearing and psychiatric disorders in Romanian preschool children Am J Psychiatry 2009 166 7 777 785 19487394
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Metadata
- Authors
- Johnson, D. E., Guthrie, D., Smyke, A. T., Koga, S. F., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Tulane University (US)
- Venue
- Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2010-06-01
- Volume
- 164
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 507-16
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4126580
- OpenAlex
- W2153358224
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 27.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH091363)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
- Keywords
- foster care, institutional care, orphans, social deprivation, child growth, catch-up growth, height, weight, head circumference, cognitive development, intelligence quotient, verbal IQ, caregiver sensitivity, caregiving quality, low birth weight
- MeSH terms
- Anthropometry, Child, Institutionalized, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Foster Home Care, Growth Disorders, Humans, Infant, Male, Romania, Social Isolation, Caregivers, Orphanages
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