Caregiving Quality and Adolescent Cortical Structure: A 16‐Year Longitudinal Study of Institutionally Reared Youth
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Severe psychosocial deprivation in early childhood experienced by institutionally reared children changes the course of structural brain development. Evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) has demonstrated a causal association of random assignment to high‐quality foster care intervention in early childhood with remediation of adolescent structural brain development. To date, however, caregiving quality has not been examined as a mechanism contributing to these neurodevelopmental changes. Moreover, further delineating the effects of developmental timing of high‐quality caregiving experiences on neural development is critical to inform intervention for early psychosocial deprivation. In the present study, early childhood caregiving quality was examined as a mechanism underlying foster care intervention and adolescent brain structure among ever‐institutionalized youth in the BEIP. Additionally, we examined the effect of the developmental timing of high‐quality caregiving experiences across development on adolescent brain structure in both ever‐ and never‐institutionalized youth. In Analysis 1, we observed a significant indirect effect of high caregiving quality following random assignment to the foster care intervention on cortical thickness in the left inferior frontal gyrus and surface area in the right lateral occipital cortex at Age 16. In Analysis 2, the earliest caregiving experiences were uniquely and consistently associated with adolescent cortical thickness. However, high‐quality caregiving experiences across childhood and adolescence were associated with adolescent cortical surface area in distinct regions. Taken together, findings suggest that high‐quality caregiving experiences across development, but especially in early childhood, can influence adolescent cortical structure even when accounting for experiences of caregiving adversity. Summary: Greater early childhood caregiving quality mediated the association of random assignment to foster care intervention and thinner left inferior frontal gyrus among ever‐institutionalized adolescents. The earliest caregiving experiences were uniquely and consistently associated with adolescent cortical thickness outcomes in the lateral prefrontal, temporal, and lateral occipital cortices. Greater caregiving quality across childhood and adolescence was associated with greater cortical surface area in distinct regions of the frontoparietal network and lateral occipital cortex. Taken together, findings support that high‐quality caregiving experiences across development, but particularly in early childhood, influence adolescent cortical structure outcomes.
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Caregiving quality at 30 and 42 months partially mediated the association between intervention assignment and adolescent cortical structure.
“caregiving quality at 30 and 42 months partially mediated the association between intervention assignment and adolescent cortical structure (Lurie et al., 2025)”
From Resilience following severe early life neglect: A review of longitudinal evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Lurie et al., 2025
Caregiving quality assessed at 30 and 42 months partially mediated the association between foster care intervention assignment and cortical structure during adolescence.
“caregiving quality assessed at 30 and 42 months partially mediated the association between foster care intervention assignment and cortical structure during adolescence (Lurie et al., 2025)”
From Resilience following severe early life neglect: A review of longitudinal evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Lurie et al., 2025
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“Furthermore, caregiving quality at 30 and 42 months partially mediated the association between intervention assignment and adolescent cortical structure (Lurie et al., 2025), pointing to caregiving processes rather than family setting alone as the active component.”
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- Authors
- Lurie, L. A., Gruhn, M. A., Garrisi, K., McLaughlin, K. A., Humphreys, K. L., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Sheridan, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Tulane University (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lurie, Lucy A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Developmental Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2025-07-03
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e70043-e70043
- ISSN
- 1363-755X (ISSN-L)
- 1467-7687
- PMC
- PMC12517558
- OpenAlex
- W4412006000
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 2.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Developmental Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01‐MH091363, K01‐MH092526, K01‐MH092555, R01‐MH115004, F31‐MH136728)
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Keywords
- caregiving quality, institutionalized children, psychosocial deprivation, adolescent brain development, cortical thickness, cortical surface area, inferior frontal gyrus, lateral occipital cortex, Bucharest Early Intervention Project, frontoparietal network
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Child, Institutionalized, Female, Foster Home Care, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Psychosocial Deprivation, Caregivers, Adolescent Development
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