Placement in foster care enhances quality of attachment among young institutionalized children
Open accessAbstract
This study examined classifications of attachment in 42-month-old Romanian children (N = 169). Institutionalized since birth, children were assessed comprehensively, randomly assigned to care as usual (CAU) or to foster care, and compared to family-reared children. Attachment classifications for children in foster care were markedly different from those in the CAU. Importantly, children placed in foster care before 24 months were more likely to have secure attachments and if placed earlier were less likely to have disorganized or insecure-other attachments. Cognitive status predicted greater likelihood of organized attachment in the CAU and greater likelihood of secure attachment in the foster care and never-institutionalized groups. Foster care is an important intervention to reduce the adverse effects following early deprivation.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Foster care placement before 24 months of age has been associated with better child and adolescent outcomes (e.g., cognition, brain function, attachment, physical growth) compared to placement after 24 months of age.
“Foster care placement before 24 months of age has been associated with better child and adolescent outcomes (e.g., cognition, brain function, attachment, physical growth) compared to placement after 24 months of age (Johnson et al., 2010;Nelson et al., 2007;Smyke et al., 2010;Vanderwert et al., 2016).”
From Resilience following severe early life neglect: A review of longitudinal evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Smyke et al., 2010
The Results (Effects of age at placement on Organization and Security) report that children placed before 24 months had a better response in attachment security than those placed later, assessed at 42 months. The cited paper does not establish the sentence’s other outcomes—cognition, brain function, or physical growth—or adolescent outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWhen placed with families, children form new attachments and inhibited RAD signs disappear.
“When placed with families, children form new attachments (21) and signs of inhibited reactive attachment disorder disappear.”
From A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Foster Care and Institutional Care for Children With Signs of Reactive Attachment Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [21]
Foster care intervention was associated with greater odds of developing a secure attachment relationship.
“Foster care intervention was also associated with greater odds of developing a secure attachment relationship (McLaughlin et al., 2012;Smyke et al., 2010)”
From Resilience following severe early life neglect: A review of longitudinal evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Smyke et al., 2010
Foster care intervention in the BEIP is associated with increased quality of attachment.
“↑ Quality of attachment (McLaughlin et al., 2012;Smyke et al., 2010)”
From Resilience following severe early life neglect: A review of longitudinal evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Smyke et al., 2010
This finding adds to the number of sex-related differences in response to adversity or the foster care intervention documented in BEIP.
“This finding extends the number of sex-related differences in the response to adversity or the foster care intervention documented in BEIP.42–44”
Children who received enhanced caregiving prior to 24 months were more likely to form secure attachments.
“we previously reported that children who receive enhanced caregiving prior to 24 months were more likely to form secure attachments (Smyke et al., 2010)”
From Recovering from early deprivation: attachment mediates effects of caregiving on psychopathology (2012) · cites this paper as Smyke et al., 2010
Compared with children who remained in institutions, children randomized to foster care had more secure attachments, lower psychopathology, and better cognitive functioning at preschool age, childhood, and early adolescence.
“compared to children who remained in institutions, children who were randomized to foster care had more secure attachments with their caregivers (Smyke, Zeanah, Fox, Nelson, & Guthrie, 2010), lower levels of psychopathology (Humphreys et al., 2015; Zeanah et al., 2009), and better cognitive functioning at preschool age, childhood, and early adolescence”
From The neglect–enrichment continuum: Characterizing variation in early caregiving environments (2019) · cites this paper as Smyke, Zeanah, Fox, Nelson, & Guthrie, 2010
Similar effects on cognitive development have been observed in intervention studies designed to improve caregiving quality in institutions.
“similar effects on cognitive development have also been observed in intervention studies designed to improve caregiving quality in institutions.(145)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [145]
Early removal from orphanage care is linked to greater improvements in cognitive, language, and emotional development, including attachment behaviors and anxiety.
“experimental randomization has shown that timing matters – improvements in cognitive, language, and emotional development, including attachment behaviors and anxiety, were most significant for those children removed from orphanage care early (Nelson, Furtado, Fox, & Zeanah, 2009; Nelson, et al., 2007; Smyke, Zeanah, Fox, Nelson, & Guthrie, 2010; Zeanah, et al., 2009).”
From Risk and developmental heterogeneity in previously institutionalized children (2012) · cites this paper as Smyke, Zeanah, Fox, Nelson, & Guthrie, 2010
Studies of institutional rearing have identified sensitive periods in the first two years of life for development of secure attachment to a caregiver and for development of the HPA axis.
“Studies of institutional rearing have identified sensitive periods in the first two years of life for the development of a secure attachment relationship to a caregiver210 and for the development of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis.66”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [210]
Prior studies in the BEIP have specifically examined attachment, teacher-rated social skills, and stereotypies, but these findings are not always specific to ASD.
“While prior studies in the BEIP have specifically examined attachment,15, 23, 24 teacher-rated social skills,16 and stereotypies,17 these findings are not always specific to ASD.”
From Social communication difficulties and autism in previously institutionalized children (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
Although the cerebellum was traditionally thought to coordinate predominantly motor activities, more recent work has suggested that it also coordinates cognitive activities in both adults and children.
“Although the cerebellum was traditionally thought to coordinate predominantly motor activities, more recent work has suggested that it also coordinates cognitive activities in both adults35 and children.36”
From Motor outcomes in children exposed to early psychosocial deprivation (2014) · cites this paper as [36]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 12,570 · see citing works
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
(2007) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412952644.n48 · Cited by 4,242 · see citing works
Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment
De Wolff, M. S., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1997) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb04218.x · Cited by 2,526 · see citing works
van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.387 · Cited by 2,243 · cited 1× · see citing works
“0009-3920/2010/8101-0014 1997; Koren-Karie, Oppenheim, & Doley, 2002; Slade, Sadler, & Mayes, 2005; van IJzendoorn, 1995).”
Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention.
Greenberg, M. T., Cicchetti, D., & Cummings, E. M. (1990) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · Cited by 2,161 · see citing works
Main, M., & Solomon, J. (2026) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003569978-2 · Cited by 1,978 · see citing works
Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development
Ash, M. J., & Torres, J. L. (2008) · Encyclopedia of Special Education · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced1386 · Cited by 1,842 · see citing works
Experience and brain development
Greenough, W. T., Black, J. E., & Wallace, C. S. (1987) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130197 · Cited by 1,398 · see citing works
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
Lennon, E. M., Gardner, J. M., Karmel, B. Z., & Flory, M. J. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.23376-2 · Cited by 1,310 · see citing works
Cognitive Recovery in Socially Deprived Young Children: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project
Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Marshall, P. J., Smyke, A. T., & Guthrie, D. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1143921 · Cited by 951 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Ethical issues involving this vulnerable population have been discussed in detail elsewhere (Millum & Emanuel, 2007; Nelson et al., 2007; Wassenaar, 2006; Zeanah et al., 2006).”
InfluentialSelf-citationDisorganized/disoriented attachment relationships in maltreated infants
Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., & Braunwald, K. (1989) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.25.4.525 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
van den Boom, D. C. (1994) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00829.x · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Fostering secure attachment in infants in maltreating families through preventive interventions
CICCHETTI, D., ROGOSCH, F. A., & TOTH, S. L. (2006) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579406060329 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Chisholm, K. (1998) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06162.x · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Characteristics of infant child care: Factors contributing to positive caregiving
Vandell, D. L. (1996) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s0885-2006(96)90009-5 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-4169 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Attachment in institutionalized and community children in Romania.
Zeanah, C. H., Smyke, A. T., Koga, S. F., Carlson, E., & The Bucharest Early Intervention Project Core Group (2005) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00894.x · Cited by 516 · cited 5× · see citing works
“…Environment (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network, 1996, 1997) was adapted for use in assessing the quality of caregiving for a given child in his or her environment (see Zeanah et al., 2005, for an in-depth description of this measure).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationNICHD Early Child Care Research Network (1997) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1132038 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
ZEANAH, C. H., NELSON, C. A., FOX, N. A., SMYKE, A. T., MARSHALL, P., PARKER, S. W., & KOGA, S. (2003) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579403000452 · Cited by 447 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In part to address these limitations, we initiated the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP; Zeanah et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationThe impact of institutionalization on child development
MACLEAN, K. (2003) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579403000415 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
THE EFFECT OF EARLY INSTITUTIONAL REARING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF EIGHT YEAR OLD CHILDREN
Tizard, B., & Hodges, J. (1978) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1978.tb00453.x · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Knoke, B., & Eccrn, N. (1997) · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Attachment disturbances in young children: I: the continuum of caretaking casualty
SMYKE, A. T., DUMITRESCU, A., & ZEANAH, C. H. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200208000-00016 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Self-citationRutter, M., Colvert, E., Kreppner, J., Beckett, C., Castle, J., Groothues, C., Hawkins, A., O'Connor, T. G., Stevens, S. E., & Sonuga‐Barke, E. J. S. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01688.x · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Enhancing early attachments : theory, research, intervention, and policy
Berlin, L. J., Ziv, Y., Amaya-Jackson, L. M., & Greenberg, M. T. (2005) · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Social and Family Relationships of Ex‐Institutional Adolescents
Hodges, J., & Tizard, B. (1989) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00770.x · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Toth, S. L., Maughan, A., Manly, J. T., Spagnola, M., & Cicchetti, D. (2002) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457940200411x · Cited by 323 · see citing works
The caregiving context in institution-reared and family-reared infants and toddlers in Romania
Smyke, A. T., Koga, S. F., Johnson, D. E., Fox, N. A., Marshall, P. J., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., & the BEIP Core Group (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01694.x · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Self-citationChild–parent attachment following early institutional deprivation
O'CONNOR, T. G., MARVIN, R. S., RUTTER, M., OLRICK, J. T., BRITNER, P. A., & THE ENGLISH AND ROMANIAN ADOPTEES STUDY TEAM (2003) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579403000026 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Tizard, B., & Rees, J. (1975) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1975.tb01872.x · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Quality of attachment in the preschool years
Crittenden, P. M. (1992) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400000110 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Velderman, M. K., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Juffer, F., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2006) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.20.2.266 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Koren‐Karie, N., Oppenheim, D., Dolev, S., Sher‐Censor, E., & Etzion-Carasso, A. (2002) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.4.534 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
The Effects Of Early Institutional Care On Adolescent Personality
Goldfarb, W. (1943) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.1943.11010296 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Reactive attachment disorder in maltreated toddlers
Zeanah, C. H., Scheeringa, M., Boris, N. W., Heller, S. S., Smyke, A. T., & Trapani, J. (2004) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.01.010 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly experiences and attachment relationships of Greek infants raised in residential group care
Vorria, P., Papaligoura, Z., Dunn, J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Steele, H., Kontopoulou, A., & Sarafidou, Y. (2003) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00202 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Determinants of behavioural problems in Romanian children adopted in Ontario
Marcovitch, S., Goldberg, S., Gold, A., Washington, J., Wasson, C., Krekewich, K., & Handley-Derry, M. (1997) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/016502597385414 · Cited by 218 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Marcovitch et al. (1997) found 30% of 3- to 5-yearolds and O’Connor et al. (2003) found 47% of 4-year-olds were securely attached to their adoptive mothers.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialIntervention Effects on Foster Preschoolers’ Attachment-Related Behaviors From a Randomized Trial
Fisher, P. A., & Kim, H. K. (2007) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-007-0066-5 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Tizard, B., & Rees, J. (1974) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1127754 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Boris, N. W., Hinshaw-Fuselier, S. S., Smyke, A. T., Scheeringa, M. S., Heller, S. S., & Zeanah, C. H. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200405000-00010 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationPreventing preschool externalizing behavior problems through video-feedback intervention in infancy
Velderman, M. K., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Juffer, F., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Mangelsdorf, S. C., & Zevalkink, J. (2006) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.20104 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Carter, A. S., Little, C., Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., & Kogan, N. (1999) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0355(199924)20:4 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The Ethics of International Research with Abandoned Children
Millum, J., & Emanuel, E. J. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1153822 · Cited by 75 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Ethical issues involving this vulnerable population have been discussed in detail elsewhere (Millum & Emanuel, 2007; Nelson et al., 2007; Wassenaar, 2006; Zeanah et al., 2006).”
David, D. H., & Lyons‐Ruth, K. (2005) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.20033 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry Special Section on ’Face Processing’
Volkmar, F. R. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.t01-1-00100_2 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
ZEANAH, C. H., KOGA, S. F., SIMION, B., STANESCU, A., TABACARU, C. L., FOX, N. A., NELSON, C. A., & BEIP CORE GROUP (2006) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.20107 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationSlade, A., Sadler, L. S., & Mayes, L. C. (2005) · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Attachment Theory in Clinical Work with Children: Bridging the Gap between Research and Practice
Sturge, C. (2008) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2008.00500_9.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Chapter VI. Stability and Change in Infant Attachment in a Low-Income Sample
Vondra, J. I., Hommerding, K. D., & Shaw, D. S. (1999) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/1540-5834.00036 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Conceptualizations of disorganization in the preschool years: An integration.
Teti, D. M. (1999) · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Wassenaar, D. R. (2006) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.20108 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Intrapolation and Extrapolation of Age-equivalent Scores for the Bayley II
Lindsey, J. C., & Brouwers, P. Y. (1999) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/00002826-199901000-00009 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Changing Caregivers: Coping with Early Adversity
Dozier, M., & Bick, J. R. (2007) · Pediatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0090-4481-20070401-09 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The causes of children's institutionalization in Romania
THE CHILDREN'S HEALTH CARE COLLABORATIVE STUDY GROUP (1994) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.1994.tb00855.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
‘THE CONTINUUM OF CARETAKING CASUALTY’
Baum, J. D. (1977) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1977.tb07954.x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Changing Caregivers: Coping with Early Adversity
(2007) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20070601-01 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Cassidy J Marvin RS MacArthur Working Group Attachment organization in preschool children: Procedures and manual (4th ed.) 1992 University of Virginia with the Unpublished manuscript
- Heinicke CM Fineman NR Ruth G Relationship-based intervention with at-risk mothers: Outcome in the first year of life Infant Mental Health Journal 1999 20 349 374
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course
Black, M. M., Walker, S. P., Fernald, L. C. H., Andersen, C. T., DiGirolamo, A. M., Lu, C., McCoy, D. C., Fink, G., Shawar, Y. R., Shiffman, J., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31389-7 · Cited by 3,014 · see citing works
Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: A Systematic Review
McLaughlin, K. A., Weissman, D., & Bitrán, D. (2019) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology
McLaughlin, K. A. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1110823 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
“…of a secure attachment relationship at around 2 years of age; the majority of children placed into stable family care before that time ultimately develop secure attachments to a caregiver, whereas the majority of children placed after 2 years fail to develop secure attachments (Smyke et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMcLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Tibu, F., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1423363112 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Self-citationBentall, R. P., Wickham, S., Shevlin, M., & Varese, F. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs049 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Institutional rearing and psychiatric disorders in Romanian preschool children
Zeanah, C. H., Egger, H. L., Smyke, A. T., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., Marshall, P. J., & Guthrie, D. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08091438 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Self-citationTelomere length and early severe social deprivation: linking early adversity and cellular aging
Drury, S. S., Theall, K., Gleason, M. M., Smyke, A. T., De Vivo, I., Wong, J. Y. Y., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2012) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2011.53 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Self-citationNeglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.02.1096 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Self-citationvan IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Duschinsky, R., Fox, N. A., Goldman, P. S., Gunnar, M. R., Johnson, D. E., Nelson, C. A., Reijman, S., Skinner, G. C. M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30399-2 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding and promoting resilience in children and youth
Sapienza, J. K., & Masten, A. S. (2011) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32834776a8 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms
Duffy, K. A., McLaughlin, K. A., & Green, P. A. (2018) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13928 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Gleason, M. M., Fox, N. A., Drury, S., Smyke, A., Egger, H. L., Nelson, C. A., Gregas, M. C., & Zeanah, C. H. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.12.012 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Self-citationHumphreys, K. L., Gleason, M. M., Drury, S. S., Miron, D., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00095-4 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citationZeanah, C. H., Gunnar, M. R., McCall, R. B., Kreppner, J. M., & Fox, N. A. (2011) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00631.x · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-citationSmyke, A. T., Zeanah, C. H., Gleason, M. M., Drury, S. S., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Guthrie, D. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11050748 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychiatric outcomes in young children with a history of institutionalization
Bos, K., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Drury, S. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2011) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10673229.2011.549773 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationMcLaughlin, K. A., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02437.x · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationFox, N. A., Almas, A. N., Degnan, K. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02355.x · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“A complete presentation of these data may be found in Smyke et al. (2010).”
Self-citationV. THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL TOLL OF EARLY HUMAN DEPRIVATION
Nelson, C. A., Bos, K., Gunnar, M. R., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2011) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00630.x · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman amygdala development in the absence of species‐expected caregiving
Tottenham, N. (2012) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20531 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Early adversity and neural correlates of executive function: Implications for academic adjustment
McDermott, J. M., Westerlund, A., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., & Fox, N. A. (2012) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.09.008 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationJohnson, D. E., Guthrie, D., Smyke, A. T., Koga, S. F., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2010) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.56 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationRecovering from early deprivation: attachment mediates effects of caregiving on psychopathology
McGoron, L., Gleason, M. M., Smyke, A. T., Drury, S. S., Nelson, C. A., Gregas, M. C., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.05.004 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationAlternatives for abandoned children: Insights from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project
Zeanah, C. H., Humphreys, K. L., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.024 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationAlmas, A. N., Degnan, K. A., Radulescu, A., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Fox, N. A. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1121256109 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationA New Model of Foster Care for Young Children: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project
Smyke, A. T., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2009) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2009.03.003 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationMcLaughlin, K. A., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.08.006 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Bucharest Early Intervention Project: Case Study in the Ethics of Mental Health Research
Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2012) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318247d275 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial communication difficulties and autism in previously institutionalized children
Levin, A. R., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.11.011 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationRisk and developmental heterogeneity in previously institutionalized children
Tottenham, N. (2012) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.04.004 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Almas, A. N., Degnan, K. A., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Fox, N. A. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000167 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“As reported previously (Smyke et al., 2010), reliability for this coding was excellent (r = .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe neglect–enrichment continuum: Characterizing variation in early caregiving environments
King, L. S., Humphreys, K. L., & Gotlib, I. H. (2019) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2019.01.001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Motor outcomes in children exposed to early psychosocial deprivation
Levin, A. R., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2014) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.09.026 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationJohnson, D. E., Tang, A., Almas, A. N., Degnan, K. A., McLaughlin, K. A., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Drury, S. S. (2018) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.07.027 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationAlmas, A. N., Degnan, K. A., Walker, O. L., Radulescu, A., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Fox, N. A. (2015) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12089 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…differ from some previous research from the BEIP showing timing effects, including studies examining IQ and attachment (e.g., Nelson et al., 2007; Smyke et al., 2010), for example, but they are consistent other BEIP results examining psychiatric symptomatology and disorders (e.g., Zeanah et al,…”
ResultSelf-citationDisorders of attachment and social engagement related to deprivation
Zeanah, C. H., & Smyke, A. T. (2015) · Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/9781118381953.ch58 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of learning in social development: Illustrations from neglected children
Wismer Fries, A. B., & Pollak, S. D. (2017) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12431 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Foster care leads to sustained cognitive gains following severe early deprivation
Humphreys, K. L., King, L. S., Guyon-Harris, K. L., Sheridan, M. A., McLaughlin, K. A., Radulescu, A., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2119318119 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationLurie, L. A., Gruhn, M. A., Garrisi, K., McLaughlin, K. A., Humphreys, K. L., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2025) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.70043 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationHolt-Gosselin, B., Adri, F., Humphreys, K. L., & Nelson, C. A. (2026) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579426101837
“Foster care intervention was also associated with greater odds of developing a secure attachment relationship (McLaughlin et al., 2012; Smyke et al., 2010), fewer attachment disorder symptoms (Guyon-Harris et al., 2018, 2019; Humphreys et al., 2017; King et al., 2023; Smyke et al., 2012), as well…”
Self-citation
- Authors
- Smyke, A. T., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Guthrie, D.
- Affiliations
- Tulane University (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smyke, Anna T
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-01-01
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 212-223
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- PMC
- PMC4098033
- OpenAlex
- W2025348075
- Cited by
- 324
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 59.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH091363)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Keywords
- foster care, attachment quality, institutionalized children, Romanian orphans, early deprivation, attachment classification, disorganized attachment, secure attachment, cognitive status
- MeSH terms
- Child Rearing, Child, Institutionalized, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Family, Female, Foster Home Care, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Object Attachment, Social Environment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
