Moderate Alcohol Consumption During Adult Life, Drinking Patterns, and Breast Cancer Risk
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Multiple studies have linked alcohol consumption to breast cancer risk, but the risk of lower levels of consumption has not been well quantified. In addition, the role of drinking patterns (ie, frequency of drinking and "binge" drinking) and consumption at different times of adult life are not well understood. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of breast cancer with alcohol consumption during adult life, including quantity, frequency, and age at consumption. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective observational study of 105,986 women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study followed up from 1980 until 2008 with an early adult alcohol assessment and 8 updated alcohol assessments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative risks of developing invasive breast cancer. RESULTS: During 2.4 million person-years of follow-up, 7690 cases of invasive breast cancer were diagnosed. Increasing alcohol consumption was associated with increased breast cancer risk that was statistically significant at levels as low as 5.0 to 9.9 g per day, equivalent to 3 to 6 drinks per week (relative risk, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.06-1.24; 333 cases/100,000 person-years). Binge drinking, but not frequency of drinking, was associated with breast cancer risk after controlling for cumulative alcohol intake. Alcohol intake both earlier and later in adult life was independently associated with risk. CONCLUSIONS: Low levels of alcohol consumption were associated with a small increase in breast cancer risk, with the most consistent measure being cumulative alcohol intake throughout adult life. Alcohol intake both earlier and later in adult life was independently associated with risk.
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The main biological pathway for alcohol's effect on breast cancer seems to be through overall tissue exposure to acetaldehyde, which may not be affected by drinking patterns.
“The main biological pathway seems to be through overall tissue exposure to acetaldehyde, which may not be affected by drinking patterns; however, through modifications of insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) serum levels, drinking patterns may have an effect on the risk of developing breast cancer (as well as other cancers, where modifications to IGF serum levels play a role 180).”
From The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update (2017) · cites this paper as [180]
Through modifications of IGF serum levels, drinking patterns may have an effect on the risk of developing breast cancer and other cancers where IGF modifications play a role.
“through modifications of insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) serum levels, drinking patterns may have an effect on the risk of developing breast cancer (as well as other cancers, where modifications to IGF serum levels play a role 180).”
From The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update (2017) · cites this paper as [180]
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“7 30 Genetic predisposition should also be taken into account when discussed individually on the most appropriate levels of drinking.”
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“28 is slightly higher than that seen with one daily glass of wine and less than that noted with two daily glasses.(35) In the conjugated equine estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate trial, a nonsignificantly elevated risk of ovarian cancer also was identified over 13 years of cumulative follow-up (94 cases; HR 1.”
BackgroundCurcumin and Liver Disease: from Chemistry to Medicine
Nabavi, S. F., Daglia, M., Moghaddam, A. H., Habtemariam, S., & Nabavi, S. M. (2013) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12047 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
The impact of moderate wine consumption on health
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Trends in breast cancer mortality by stage at diagnosis among young women in the U nited S tates
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“4% of person-years in the NHS have been lost to follow-up (18).”
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“Our result is qualitatively similar to our previous analysis(14) and the most recent Nurses’ Health Study analysis, with cumulatively updated alcohol intake data over 28 years.(49) The underlying mechanism of this finding is unclear, although associations of breast cancer risk with body mass index(2) and polymorphisms…”
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“Recently, even a moderate intake of alcohol (from 3 to 6 glasses per week) has been found to be an independent risk factor for the onset of breast cancer in older women (Chen et al., 2011).”
Light Alcohol Drinking and Risk of Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies
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“34, respectively, for a daily intake of 20 g compared to none) [51].”
A Review of Modifiable Risk Factors in Young Women for the Prevention of Breast Cancer
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European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Alcohol drinking and cancer
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Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Incident Rheumatoid Arthritis in Women: A Prospective Study
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“0% of person-time lost to followup (14).”
Alcohol Intake and Breast Cancer Risk: Weighing the Overall Evidence
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“Besides, the fermented milk products also protect against breast cancer, while alcohol beverage increases the risk of breast cancer (Chen et al. 2011; de Moreno and Perdigon 2010).”
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“While these are complex questions with no easy answers, in this review article, we broadly summarize the impact of the following: parity, breast feeding, ages at menarche, menopause and first birth, breastfeeding, oral contraceptive (OCP) use, post-menopausal hormone (PMH) use, energy balance (post-menopausal obesity,…”
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Cancer risk based on alcohol consumption levels: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis
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“Consistent with previous studies [41,42], even low levels of alcohol consumption were linked to an increased incidence of breast cancer.”
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“an increased amount of alcohol consumed per day [40].”
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BRCA Mutations and Breast Cancer Prevention
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“size is modest, with a 20–25% increase in risk with moderate alcohol consumption (~one to two drinks/day) [49,50].”
BackgroundAlcohol Intake Between Menarche and First Pregnancy: A Prospective Study of Breast Cancer Risk
Liu, Y., Colditz, G. A., ROSNER, B. A., Berkey, C. S., Collins, L. C., Schnitt, S. J., Connolly, J. L., Chen, W. Y., Willett, W. C., & Tamimi, R. M. (2013) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djt213 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“(2) used chronological age cutoffs and compared cumulative drinking between ages 18 and 40 years and after age 40 years with breast cancer risk, observing statistically significant associations of similar magnitude (RR = 1.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDiet and breast cancer: a systematic review
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“Finally, Larsson et al. (2009a) examining 2952 incident cases of invasive breast cancer among 61 433 women of the Swedish Mammographic cohort, suggested that a high carbohydrate intake and diets with high GI and GL may increase the risk of developing ER+/PR breast cancer highlighting the relationship between hormonal…”
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“…intake were reported by Tjonneland et al. (RR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.05) (Tjonneland et al., 2004), Chen et al. (RR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.12) (Chen et al., 2011) and Liu et al. (RR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.24 for intake from menarche to first pregnancy and RR = 1.11; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.24 for…”
InfluentialLifetime Alcohol Intake, Binge Drinking Behaviors, and Breast Cancer Risk
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“Epidemiological studies indicate that moderate alcohol consumption by younger women could increase the risk of breast cancer later in life (Allen et al. 2009; Brooks and Zakhari 2013; Chen et al. 2011).”
BackgroundAlcohol�s Effects on Breast Cancer in Women
Freudenheim, J. L. (2020) · Alcohol research · doi:10.35946/arcr.v40.2.11 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Barbhaiya, M., Lü, B., Sparks, J. A., Malspeis, S., Chang, S., Karlson, E. W., & Costenbader, K. H. (2016) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.22945 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“Response rates to followup questionnaires are >90% in each cycle, and only 5% of person-time has been lost to follow-up (10).”
Breast cancers, mammary stem cells, and cancer stem cells, characteristics, and hypotheses
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“b The American Cancer Society's recommendation for alcohol intake was recently reduced to no more than one drink per day for women and two for men [121], in response to findings of alcohol-cancer links [74] even with intake previously considered ‘low’ [61,70,71,74,75].”
BackgroundObesity and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus among women in the Nurses’ Health Studies
Tedeschi, S. K., Barbhaiya, M., Malspeis, S., Lü, B., Sparks, J. A., Karlson, E. W., Willett, W. C., & Costenbader, K. H. (2017) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2017.05.011 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
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“We focus primarily on 3 large epidemiologic studies (Allen et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2011; Li et al., 2010) in part because they raised several important issues that impact the interpretation of other epidemiologic studies.”
InfluentialMukherjee, S., Mukherjee, A., Bytešníková, Z., Ashrafi, A. M., Richtera, L., & Adam, V. (2024) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2024.116050 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
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What Should We Recommend to Our Patients with NAFLD Regarding Alcohol Use?
Liangpunsakul, S., & Chalasani, N. (2012) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2012.20 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Despite these potential benefits of light to moderate alcohol consumption, one must be aware of possible risks associated with light to moderate drinking, such as risks of breast and colon cancer (26,27).”
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Kwan, M. L., Chen, W. Y., Flatt, S. W., Weltzien, E. K., Nechuta, S., Poole, E. M., Holmes, M. D., Patterson, R. E., Shu, X. O., Pierce, J. P., et al. (2012) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1022 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationHormone therapy and breast cancer risk 10 years after the WHI
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Moderate alcohol intake lowers biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women
Marrone, J. A., Maddalozzo, G. F., Branscum, A. J., Hardin, K., Cialdella-Kam, L. A., Philbrick, K. A., Breggia, A., Rosen, C. J., Turner, R. T., & Iwaniec, U. T. (2012) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e31824ac071 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Moderate alcohol consumption, although associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular diseaseY related mortality, and all-cause mortality, may increase the risk for breast cancer.(33,34) An increase in aromatase activity has been suggested as a mechanism for the effects of alcohol on estrogen t…”
BackgroundAlcohol Increases Impulsivity and Abuse Liability in Heavy Drinking Women
Reed, S., Levin, F., & Evans, S. (2012) · Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0029087 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
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“In addition, we had no information on drinking patterns such as heavy episodic or binge drinking, which may also affect the risk of breast cancer.(6,25) In conclusion, our findings support the hypothesis that moderate alcohol consumption increases risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.”
BackgroundResultBreast cancer prevention in premenopausal women: role of the Mediterranean diet and its components
Laudisio, D., Barrea, L., Muscogiuri, G., Annunziata, G., Colao, A., & Savastano, S. (2019) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422419000167 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
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Dietary Factors and Female Breast Cancer Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study
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“Some studies found that higher intakes of alcohol [18], red and processed meat [19], and animal fat [20,21], and lower intakes of fruits and vegetables [22] and total dietary fiber [23], may be associated with a higher risk of breast cancer.”
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“Similar to prior analyses, alcohol consumption was modeled using updated cumulative intake to best estimate long-term exposure, and was grouped into the following categories: 0, 1–4, 5–14, 15– 29, and (cid:21) 30g/day [26–28].”
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“Females who consume four to nine drinks weekly are 15% more likely to develop breast cancer than non-drinkers [101].”
BackgroundAlcohol Consumption and Breast Cancer Risk among Women in Three Sub-Saharan African Countries
Qian, F., Ogundiran, T. O., Hou, N., Ndom, P., Gakwaya, A., Jombwe, J., Morhason-Bello, I. O., Adebamowo, C., Ademola, A. F., Ojengbede, O. A., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106908 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
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“Recent epidemiological studies have provided convincing evidence that ethanol (EtOH) consumption is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in women (Chen et al., 2011).”
BackgroundWine: An Aspiring Agent in Promoting Longevity and Preventing Chronic Diseases
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Ethanol exposure induces the cancer-associated fibroblast phenotype and lethal tumor metabolism
Sánchez‐Alvarez, R., Martinez‐Outschoorn, U., Zhao, L., Lamb, R., Hulit, J., Howell, A., Sotgia, F., Rubin, E., & Lisanti, M. P. (2013) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.4161/cc.23109 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Over the years, numerous epidemiological studies have shown that increased alcohol consumption and binge-drinking are dose-dependently associated with the development of human breast cancers.(3-9) These findings have also been recapitulated using mouse animal models, where ethanol-fed mice showed increased rates of br…”
BackgroundAlcohol Intake and Risk of Incident Psoriatic Arthritis in Women
Wu, S., Cho, E., Li, W., Han, J., & Qureshi, A. A. (2015) · The Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3899/jrheum.140808 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Daily Drinking Is Associated with Increased Mortality
Hartz, S. M., Oehlert, M. E., Horton, A. C., Grucza, R. A., Fisher, S. L., Culverhouse, R., Nelson, K. G., Sumerall, S. W., Neal, P. C., Regnier, P., et al. (2018) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13886 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“In contrast to the inconsistent findings regarding alcohol use and cardiovascular health, there is a consensus that alcohol use is associated with increased cancer incidence (Cao et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2011; Trichopoulou et al., 2010; World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research 2018).”
Komorowski, A. S., & Pezo, R. C. (2019) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-019-05472-w · Cited by 54 · see citing works
- Authors
- Chen, W. Y., Rosner, B., Hankinson, S. E., Colditz, G. A., & Willett, W. C.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Wendy Y.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2011-11-02
- Volume
- 306
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 1884
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC3292347
- OpenAlex
- W2062112003
- Cited by
- 509
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 24.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (P01CA087969, [P01 CA87969)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- breast cancer risk, alcohol consumption, binge drinking, drinking frequency, moderate drinking, women, Nurses' Health Study
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Alcohol Drinking, Ethanol, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Breast Neoplasms, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Receptors, Estrogen, Risk Assessment, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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