Alcohol Use and Breast Cancer: A Critical Review
Abstract
The objective of this study was to outline the biological pathways of alcohol‐attributable breast cancer, the epidemiological risk relationship between alcohol consumption and breast cancer, and the global burden of breast cancer incidence and mortality attributable to alcohol consumption, with a focus on light drinking. First, the literature regarding the biological mechanisms of how alcohol affects the risk of breast cancer was reviewed and summarized. Second, a search of meta‐analyses that evaluated the risk relationship between alcohol consumption and breast cancer was conducted. Last, the burden of alcohol‐attributable breast cancer incidence and mortality was estimated by means of a Population‐Attributable Fraction methodology. Data on alcohol consumption were obtained from the Global Information System on Alcohol and Health, and data on cancer incidence and mortality were obtained from the GLOBOCAN database. Alcohol consumption affects breast cancer risk through the alteration in hormone levels and the associated biological pathways, the metabolism of ethanol resulting in carcinogens, and the inhibition of the one carbon metabolism pathway. The systematic review found 15 meta‐analyses on the risk relationship between alcohol consumption (also light consumption) and the risk of breast cancer. All but 2 of these analyses showed a dose–response relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer. An estimated 144,000 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 88,000 to 200,000) breast cancer cases and 38,000 (95% CI: 2,400 to 53,000) breast cancer deaths globally in 2012 were attributable to alcohol, with 18.8% of these cases and 17.5% of these deaths affecting women who were light alcohol consumers. All levels of evidence showed a risk relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer, even at low levels of consumption. Due to this strong relationship, and to the amount of alcohol consumed globally, the incidence of and mortality from alcohol‐attributable breast cancer is large.
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There is currently not enough epidemiological evidence to assess if the pattern of alcohol consumption modifies the risk of breast cancer.
“there is currently not enough epidemiological evidence to assess if the pattern of alcohol consumption modifies the risk of breast cancer 151.”
From The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update (2017) · cites this paper as [151]
Alcohol may alter one carbon metabolism by inhibiting folate absorption and folate cycle enzymes, leading to increased homocysteine concentrations.
“First, alcohol may alter the one carbon metabolism by inhibiting folate absorption, leading to increased homocysteine concentrations 150, 151, and by inhibiting folate cycle enzyme methionine synthase and the trans‐methylation enzymes methionine adenosyltransferase and DNA methyltransferase 150, 152.”
From The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update (2017) · cites this paper as [151]
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The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update
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“The quantification for the different levels of alcohol-attributable risk for breast cancer had been quite similar over the years [85], as they had been for cancer in general (e.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationLiu, R., Chen, L., Zeng, H., Reis, C., Reis, H., Yang, X., Lin, X., Li, H., Meng, X., Sharma, M., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16010056 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mendez-Ruiz, M. D., Villegas-Pantoja, M. A., Alarcón-Luna, N. S., Villegas, N., Cianelli, R., & Peragallo-Montano, N. (2020) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.3393.3262 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Shield, K. D., Soerjomataram, I., & Rehm, J.
- Affiliations
- Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (FR)
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Shield, Kevin D.
- Venue
- Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-04-30
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1166-1181
- ISSN
- 0145-6008 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-0277
- OpenAlex
- W2343964087
- Cited by
- 204
- References
- 147
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 2.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Institute for Cancer Research
- World Health Organization
- World Cancer Research Fund International
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Keywords
- alcohol consumption, breast cancer, light drinking, breast cancer incidence, breast cancer mortality, dose-response relationship, alcohol metabolism, one-carbon metabolism, hormone levels, alcohol-attributable fraction
- MeSH terms
- Alcohol Drinking, Breast Neoplasms, Humans, Risk Factors, Incidence
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