The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Television Viewing and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Prolonged television (TV) viewing is the most prevalent and pervasive sedentary behavior in industrialized countries and has been associated with morbidity and mortality. However, a systematic and quantitative assessment of published studies is not available. OBJECTIVE: To perform a meta-analysis of all prospective cohort studies to determine the association between TV viewing and risk of type 2 diabetes, fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: Relevant studies were identified by searches of the MEDLINE database from 1970 to March 2011 and the EMBASE database from 1974 to March 2011 without restrictions and by reviewing reference lists from retrieved articles. Cohort studies that reported relative risk estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations of interest were included. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted independently by each author and summary estimates of association were obtained using a random-effects model. DATA SYNTHESIS: Of the 8 studies included, 4 reported results on type 2 diabetes (175,938 individuals; 6428 incident cases during 1.1 million person-years of follow-up), 4 reported on fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular disease (34,253 individuals; 1052 incident cases), and 3 reported on all-cause mortality (26,509 individuals; 1879 deaths during 202,353 person-years of follow-up). The pooled relative risks per 2 hours of TV viewing per day were 1.20 (95% CI, 1.14-1.27) for type 2 diabetes, 1.15 (95% CI, 1.06-1.23) for fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular disease, and 1.13 (95% CI, 1.07-1.18) for all-cause mortality. While the associations between time spent viewing TV and risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease were linear, the risk of all-cause mortality appeared to increase with TV viewing duration of greater than 3 hours per day. The estimated absolute risk differences per every 2 hours of TV viewing per day were 176 cases of type 2 diabetes per 100,000 individuals per year, 38 cases of fatal cardiovascular disease per 100,000 individuals per year, and 104 deaths for all-cause mortality per 100,000 individuals per year. CONCLUSION: Prolonged TV viewing was associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“and a 57% reduced risk of the composite end point (P=0.02; included nonfatal MI, stroke, and CVD death).71”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [71]
In the citing paper
“Long-term follow-up data from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study Research Group showed that intensive versus conventional treatment in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial was associated with a 42% reduced risk of CVD (P=0.02)”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [71]
In the citing paper
“A growing body of literature suggests high sitting time is associated with higher risk of adverse health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer and mortality, even after adjustment for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity[8-13].”
From Daily Sitting Time and All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-Analysis (2013) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“They found a pooled hazard ratio of 1.13 per 2-hour increase in TV-viewing per day for all-cause mortality.”
From Daily Sitting Time and All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-Analysis (2013) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“The main limitation of this meta-analysis is the small number of studies included, although this was greater than in some previous meta-analyses[13,15].”
From Daily Sitting Time and All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-Analysis (2013) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“The findings of this meta-analysis are consistent with a meta-analysis of three studies on TV-viewing and mortality[13], which showed a pooled HR for all cause mortality of 1.13 per two hour increase of TV-viewing.”
From Daily Sitting Time and All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-Analysis (2013) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722
Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1186 · Cited by 36,763
Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology<SUBTITLE>A Proposal for Reporting</SUBTITLE>
Stroup, D. F. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.15.2008 · Cited by 20,623
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2011 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Roger, V. L., Go, A. S., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Adams, R. J., Berry, J. D., Brown, T. M., Carnethon, M. R., Dai, S., de Simone, G., Ford, E. S., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3182009701 · Cited by 6,149
Hu, F. B., Li, T. Y., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., & Manson, J. E. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.14.1785 · Cited by 1,892
Reducing Children's Television Viewing to Prevent Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Robinson, T. N. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.16.1561 · Cited by 1,838
Sitting time and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer
KATZMARZYK, P. T., CHURCH, T. S., CRAIG, C. L., & BOUCHARD, C. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181930355 · Cited by 1,611
Walking Compared with Vigorous Exercise for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Women
Manson, J. E., Greenland, P., LaCroix, A. Z., Stefanick, M. L., Mouton, C. P., Oberman, A., Perri, M. G., Sheps, D. S., Pettinger, M. B., & Siscovick, D. S. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa021067 · Cited by 1,349
Generalized Least Squares for Trend Estimation of Summarized Dose–response Data
Orsini, N., Bellocco, R., & Greenland, S. (2006) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0600600103 · Cited by 1,248
Priming effects of television food advertising on eating behavior.
Harris, J. L., Bargh, J. A., & Brownell, K. D. (2009) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014399 · Cited by 945
Physical Activity and Television Watching in Relation to Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Men
Hu, F. B., Leitzmann, M. F., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B. (2001) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.161.12.1542 · Cited by 828
Dunstan, D. W., Barr, E. L. M., Healy, G. N., Salmon, J., Shaw, J. E., Balkau, B., Magliano, D. J., Cameron, A. J., Zimmet, P. Z., & Owen, N. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.894824 · Cited by 825
Xu, J., Kochanek, K. D., Murphy, S. L., & Tejada‐Vera, B. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 650
Epstein, L. H., Roemmich, J. N., Robinson, J. L., Paluch, R. A., Winiewicz, D. D., Fuerch, J. H., & Robinson, T. N. (2008) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2007.45 · Cited by 557
Sedentary behaviors increase risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in men
WARREN, T. Y., BARRY, V., HOOKER, S. P., SUI, X., CHURCH, T. S., & BLAIR, S. N. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181c3aa7e · Cited by 543
Isotemporal Substitution Paradigm for Physical Activity Epidemiology and Weight Change
Mekary, R. A., Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B., & Ding, E. L. (2009) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwp163 · Cited by 542
Assessing the influence of a single study in the meta-anyalysis estimate
Tobı́as, A. (1999) · Stata technical bulletin · Cited by 499
Physical Activity Recommendations and Decreased Risk of Mortality
Leitzmann, M. F. (2007) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.167.22.2453 · Cited by 434
Screen-Based Entertainment Time, All-Cause Mortality, and Cardiovascular Events
Stamatakis, E., Hamer, M., & Dunstan, D. W. (2011) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.065 · Cited by 387
When Children Eat What They Watch
Wiecha, J. L., Peterson, K. E., Ludwig, D. S., Kim, J., Sobol, A. M., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2006) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.4.436 · Cited by 359
Jakes, R. W., Day, N., Khaw, K., Luben, R., Oakes, S., Welch, A. A., Bingham, S. A., & Wareham, N. J. (2003) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601648 · Cited by 347
Metabolic Responses to Reduced Daily Steps in Healthy Nonexercising Men
(2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.299.11.1259 · Cited by 313
Wijndaele, K., Brage, S., Besson, H., Khaw, K.-T., Sharp, S. J., Luben, R., Wareham, N. J., & Ekelund, U. (2011) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq105 · Cited by 278
Television viewing behaviour and associations with food habits in different countries
Vereecken, C. A., Todd, J., Roberts, C., Mulvihill, C., & Maes, L. (2006) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2005847 · Cited by 268
Fung, T. T., Hu, F. B., Yu, J. J., Chu, N., Spiegelman, D. L., Tofler, G. H., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B. (2000) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/152.12.1171 · Cited by 258
Ekelund, U., Brage, S., Griffin, S. J., & Wareham, N. J. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-1895 · Cited by 186
Weller, I. M. R., & Corey, P. (1998) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199811000-00012 · Cited by 174
Sedentary Behaviors and the Risk of Incident Hypertension * The SUN Cohort
Beunza, J. J., Martínez‐González, M. Á., Ebrahim, S. B. J., Bes‐Rastrollo, M., Núñez, J. H., Martínez, J. A., & Alonso, Á. (2007) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2007.06.007 · Cited by 164
Television Viewing and Initiation of Smoking Among Youth
Gidwani, P. P., Sobol, A. M., DeJong, W., Perrin, J. M., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2002) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.110.3.505 · Cited by 164
Increased Cardiometabolic Risk Is Associated with Increased TV Viewing Time
WIJNDAELE, K., HEALY, G. N., DUNSTAN, D. W., BARNETT, A. G., SALMON, J., SHAW, J. E., ZIMMET, P. Z., & OWEN, N. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181d322ac · Cited by 161
Krishnan, S., Rosenberg, L., & Palmer, J. R. (2008) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwn344 · Cited by 149
Otten, J. J. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.430 · Cited by 134
Ford, E. S., Schulze, M. B., Kröger, J., Pischon, T., Bergmann, M. M., & Boeing, H. (2009) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1753-0407.2009.00047.x · Cited by 82
Television viewing and obesity: a prospective study in the 1958 British birth cohort
Parsons, T. J., Manor, O., & Power, C. (2007) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602884 · Cited by 79
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Benjamin, E. J., Blaha, M. J., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Das, S. R., Deo, R., de Ferranti, S. D., Floyd, J., Fornage, M., Gillespie, C., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000485 · Cited by 12,591
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2016 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E. J., Go, A. S., Arnett, D. K., Blaha, M. J., Cushman, M., Das, S. R., de Ferranti, S., Després, J.-P., Fullerton, H. J., et al. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000350 · Cited by 6,596
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2015 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E. J., Go, A. S., Arnett, D. K., Blaha, M. J., Cushman, M., de Ferranti, S., Després, J.-P., Fullerton, H. J., Howard, V. J., et al. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000152 · Cited by 5,797
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2014 Update
Go, A. S., Mozaffarian, D., Roger, V. L., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Blaha, M. J., Dai, S., Ford, E. S., Fox, C. S., Franco, S., et al. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000441139.02102.80 · Cited by 5,264
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Go, A. S., Mozaffarian, D., Roger, V. L., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Borden, W. B., Bravata, D. M., Dai, S., Ford, E. S., Fox, C. S., et al. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e31828124ad · Cited by 5,292
Metadata
- Authors
- Grøntved, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Grøntved, Anders
- ORCID
- Grøntved, Anders
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2011-06-15
- Volume
- 305
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 2448
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC4324728
- OpenAlex
- W2046082414
- Cited by
- 873
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 83 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 65 · 2012: 59
- FWCI
- 42.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845, P30DK046200, P30 DK-46200, DK58845)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Influence and Health
- Keywords
- television viewing, sedentary behavior, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, all-cause mortality, prospective cohort, relative risk, linear dose-response relationship, health risk assessment, physical inactivity, cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes risk factors, mortality risk assessment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Humans, Middle Aged, Mortality, Prospective Studies, Television, Time Factors, Exercise, Risk Assessment, Young Adult, Sedentary Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
