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Delirium in Older Persons: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Delirium is defined as an acute disorder of attention and cognition. It is a common, serious, and often fatal condition among older patients. Although often underrecognized, delirium has serious adverse effects on the individual's function and quality of life, as well as broad societal effects with substantial health care costs. Objective: To summarize the current state of the art in diagnosis and treatment of delirium and to highlight critical areas for future research to advance the field. Evidence Review: Search of Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for the past 6 years, from January 1, 2011, until March 16, 2017, using a combination of controlled vocabulary and keyword terms. Since delirium is more prevalent in older adults, the focus was on studies in elderly populations; studies based solely in the intensive care unit (ICU) and non-English-language articles were excluded. Findings: Of 127 articles included, 25 were clinical trials, 42 cohort studies, 5 systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and 55 were other categories. A total of 11 616 patients were represented in the treatment studies. Advances in diagnosis have included the development of brief screening tools with high sensitivity and specificity, such as the 3-Minute Diagnostic Assessment; 4 A's Test; and proxy-based measures such as the Family Confusion Assessment Method. Measures of severity, such as the Confusion Assessment Method-Severity Score, can aid in monitoring response to treatment, risk stratification, and assessing prognosis. Nonpharmacologic approaches focused on risk factors such as immobility, functional decline, visual or hearing impairment, dehydration, and sleep deprivation are effective for delirium prevention and also are recommended for delirium treatment. Current recommendations for pharmacologic treatment of delirium, based on recent reviews of the evidence, recommend reserving use of antipsychotics and other sedating medications for treatment of severe agitation that poses risk to patient or staff safety or threatens interruption of essential medical therapies. Conclusions and Relevance: Advances in diagnosis can improve recognition and risk stratification of delirium. Prevention of delirium using nonpharmacologic approaches is documented to be effective, while pharmacologic prevention and treatment of delirium remains controversial.
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“The DSM‐5 recognizes delirium as a cognitive disorder with a disturbance of attention (i.e., reduced ability to direct, focus, sustain and shift attention) and awareness (i.e., reduced orientation to the environment). This often leads to what has been referred to as a confusional state or reduced level of consciousness 180 .”
From Mental health care for older adults: recent advances and new directions in clinical practice and research (2022) · cites this paper as [180]
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Self-citationCognitive Stimulation in Patients with Dementia: Randomized Controlled Trial
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Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative
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“The deliriumdementia link has been reviewed in the literature.(59,60) Tier 1 to 2 CBS or dementia assessment laboratory tests or studies (see Table 4) can help identify common conditions that exacerbate symptoms, including dehydration, electrolyte and metabolic derangements, anemia, cardiac or cerebral ischemia, hypox…”
Babulal, G. M., Quiroz, Y. T., Albensi, B. C., Arenaza‐Urquijo, E., Astell, A. J., Babiloni, C., Bahar‐Fuchs, A., Bell, J., Bowman, G. L., Brickman, A. M., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.09.009 · Cited by 528
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Metadata
- Authors
- Oh, E. S., Fong, T. G., Hshieh, T. T., & Inouye, S. K.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2017-09-26
- Volume
- 318
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1161
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC5717753
- OpenAlex
- W2759229677
- Cited by
- 926
- References
- 116
- Citations by year
- 2026: 88 · 2025: 113 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 163 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 58.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001102)
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG031720, K07AG041835, P50AG005146, R24AG054259, R01AG044518, K23AG043504)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Alcoholism and Thiamine Deficiency
- Keywords
- delirium, older adults, delirium diagnosis, delirium screening tools, Confusion Assessment Method, delirium severity assessment, delirium prevention, non-pharmacological treatment, immobility, antipsychotic drugs, sedating medications, delirium management, risk stratification
- MeSH terms
- Emergence Delirium, Aged, Delirium, Electroencephalography, Humans, Severity of Illness Index, Antipsychotic Agents, Biomarkers, Geriatric Assessment, Practice Guidelines as Topic
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