Association of Amyloid Positron Emission Tomography With Subsequent Change in Clinical Management Among Medicare Beneficiaries With Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) detects amyloid plaques in the brain, a core neuropathological feature of Alzheimer disease. Objective: To determine if amyloid PET is associated with subsequent changes in the management of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia of uncertain etiology. Design, Setting, and Participants: The Imaging Dementia-Evidence for Amyloid Scanning (IDEAS) study was a single-group, multisite longitudinal study that assessed the association between amyloid PET and subsequent changes in clinical management for Medicare beneficiaries with MCI or dementia. Participants were required to meet published appropriate use criteria stating that etiology of cognitive impairment was unknown, Alzheimer disease was a diagnostic consideration, and knowledge of PET results was expected to change diagnosis and management. A total of 946 dementia specialists at 595 US sites enrolled 16 008 patients between February 2016 and September 2017. Patients were followed up through January 2018. Dementia specialists documented their diagnosis and management plan before PET and again 90 (±30) days after PET. Exposures: Participants underwent amyloid PET at 343 imaging centers. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was change in management between the pre- and post-PET visits, as assessed by a composite outcome that included Alzheimer disease drug therapy, other drug therapy, and counseling about safety and future planning. The study was powered to detect a 30% or greater change in the MCI and dementia groups. One of 2 secondary end points is reported: the proportion of changes in diagnosis (from Alzheimer disease to non-Alzheimer disease and vice versa) between pre- and post-PET visits. Results: Among 16 008 registered participants, 11 409 (71.3%) completed study procedures and were included in the analysis (median age, 75 years [interquartile range, 71-80]; 50.9% women; 60.5% with MCI). Amyloid PET results were positive in 3817 patients with MCI (55.3%) and 3154 patients with dementia (70.1%). The composite end point changed in 4159 of 6905 patients with MCI (60.2% [95% CI, 59.1%-61.4%]) and 2859 of 4504 patients with dementia (63.5% [95% CI, 62.1%-64.9%]), significantly exceeding the 30% threshold in each group (P < .001, 1-sided). The etiologic diagnosis changed from Alzheimer disease to non-Alzheimer disease in 2860 of 11 409 patients (25.1% [95% CI, 24.3%-25.9%]) and from non-Alzheimer disease to Alzheimer disease in 1201 of 11 409 (10.5% [95% CI, 10.0%-11.1%]). Conclusions and Relevance: Among Medicare beneficiaries with MCI or dementia of uncertain etiology evaluated by dementia specialists, the use of amyloid PET was associated with changes in clinical management within 90 days. Further research is needed to determine whether amyloid PET is associated with improved clinical outcomes. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02420756.
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Biomarker testing reduces dementia misdiagnoses; without biomarkers, misdiagnosis rate is approximately 25-35% in specialty clinics and higher in primary care.
“Biomarker testing reduces dementia misdiagnoses: when biomarkers are not used, the rate of misdiagnosis is approximately 25–35% in specialty clinics and even higher in primary care clinics4,12,13.”
From Highly accurate blood test for Alzheimer's disease is similar or superior to clinical cerebrospinal fluid tests (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
The Results report that diagnoses changed after amyloid PET, and the Discussion says PET was associated with improved diagnostic confidence. These findings support a role for biomarker testing in refining diagnosis, but the paper does not establish a 25–35% misdiagnosis rate in specialty clinics or a higher rate in primary care; its diagnostic-change percentages are not measured misdiagnosis rates. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Aβ positivity in the present study agrees with most other memory clinic cohorts of patients with MCI or mild dementia.
“which agrees with most other memory clinic cohorts of patients with MCI or mild dementia.”
From Highly accurate blood test for Alzheimer's disease is similar or superior to clinical cerebrospinal fluid tests (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
The Patients section (page not provided) reports amyloid PET positivity of 55.3% in patients with MCI and 70.1% in patients with dementia recruited from dementia specialists’ practices. This provides a relevant cohort for comparison, but the paper does not establish that the citing study’s positivity agrees with most other memory-clinic cohorts, and its dementia group is not identified as exclusively mild dementia. (LLM, conf=0.81)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStudies using PET scans to assess Alzheimer's disease biomarkers have reported that about half of people with mild cognitive impairment have Alzheimer's-related brain changes.
“studies assessing biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease with PET scans have reported that about half of people with MCI have Alzheimer's-related brain changes.230,231”
From 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2023) · cites this paper as [231]
In the large-scale IDEAS study, 55% of MCI and 70% of dementia cases were amyloid positive.
“For example, in the large-scale IDEAS study, 55% of MCI and 70% of dementia cases were amyloid positive12.”
From Highly accurate blood test for Alzheimer's disease is similar or superior to clinical cerebrospinal fluid tests (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
Studies assessing biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease with PET scans have reported that about half of people with MCI have Alzheimer's-related brain changes.
“Meanwhile, studies assessing biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease with PET scans have reported that about half of people with MCI have Alzheimer's‐related brain changes.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [247]
In 10-year follow-up, PET amyloid positivity was associated with a higher probability of developing Alzheimer's disease compared with amyloid negativity (HR 2·6, 95% CI 1·4-4·9).
“In 10-year follow-up PET positivity was associated with a higher probability of developing Alzheimer's disease compared with those who were amyloid negative (HR 2·6, 95% CI 1·4–4·9).”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission (2020) · cites this paper as [182]
The Abstract (page not available in our copy) reports changes in clinical management within 90 days, and the Statistical Analyses section describes analyses of management changes rather than 10-year Alzheimer disease incidence. Searches for 10-year follow-up, conversion to Alzheimer disease, and the stated hazard ratio found no passage supporting the claimed association or HR 2.6 (95% CI 1.4–4.9). (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPopulation-derived studies show increases in plaques from less than 3% at age 50-59 years to around 40% at age 80-89 years.
“population derived studies show increases in plaques in the population from less than 3% at age 50–59 years to around 40% at age 80–89 years.182”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission (2020) · cites this paper as [182]
The Patients section reports amyloid PET positivity among Medicare beneficiaries with mild cognitive impairment or dementia, not plaque prevalence in a population-derived sample. Searches for the 50–59 and 80–89 age ranges and the stated percentages found no passage reporting those figures or the claimed age-related increase. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn participants with mild cognitive impairment who were amyloid positive, the probability of developing Alzheimer's disease (HR 1·9, 95% CI 0·9-3·9) was not very different from those who were amyloid negative (HR 1·6, 95% CI 0·8-3·4).
“In participants with mild cognitive impairment who were amyloid positive the probability (HR 1·9, 95% CI 0·9–3·9) was not very different to those who were amyloid negative (1·6, 0·8–3·4).”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission (2020) · cites this paper as [182]
The Abstract and Statistical Analyses sections examine changes in diagnosis and clinical management after amyloid PET, not progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease. Searches for the stated hazard ratios and for longitudinal progression found no passage reporting either estimate or comparing the two groups’ progression risks. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn a US study of 1671 randomly selected older people, the prevalence of PET-detected amyloid positivity increased from 2·7% (95% CI 0·5-4·9) in people without cognitive impairment aged 50-59 years to 41·3% (95% CI 33·4-49·2%) aged 80-89 years.
“The prevalence of PET detected amyloid positivity increased from 2·7% (95% CI 0·5–4·9) of people without cognitive impairment aged 50–59 years to 41·3% (95% CI 33·4–49·2%) aged 80–89 years.182”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission (2020) · cites this paper as [182]
The Study Population and Patients sections describe Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 or older with mild cognitive impairment or dementia, not a random sample of cognitively unimpaired people. I searched for the 1,671-person sample, the 50–59 and 80–89 age groups, and the reported 2.7% and 41.3% estimates; no passage in our copy reports them. Page numbers were not available in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Association of plasma P-tau181 with memory decline in non-demented adults
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Building clinically relevant outcomes across the Alzheimer's disease spectrum
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A blood biomarker test for brain amyloid impacts the clinical evaluation of cognitive impairment
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- Authors
- Rabinovici, G. D., Gatsonis, C., Apgar, C., Chaudhary, K., Gareen, I., Hanna, L., Hendrix, J., Hillner, B. E., Olson, C., Lesman-Segev, O. H., Romanoff, J., Siegel, B. A., Whitmer, R. A., & Carrillo, M. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Brown University (US)
- American College of Radiology (US)
- Alzheimer's Association (US)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, Illinois
- Corresponding author
- Rabinovici, Gil D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2019-04-02
- Volume
- 321
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 1286
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC6450276
- OpenAlex
- W2930696305
- Cited by
- 674
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 80 · 2025: 96 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 42
- FWCI
- 61.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Alzheimer's Association
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG010129)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- amyloid PET, amyloid imaging, mild cognitive impairment, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, clinical management change, diagnosis change, Medicare beneficiaries, appropriate use criteria, treatment escalation and de-escalation
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Amyloid, Dementia, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Medicare, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, United States, Nootropic Agents, Positron-Emission Tomography, Plaque, Amyloid, Cognitive Dysfunction
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