Cited by 1,610Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsCancer-related cognitive impairment studies

Prevalence of Cerebral Amyloid Pathology in Persons Without Dementia: A Meta-analysis

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Jansen, Willemijn J., Ossenkoppele, Rik, Knol, Dirk L., Tijms, Betty M., Scheltens, Philip, Verhey, Frans R. J., Visser, Pieter Jelle, Aalten, Pauline +121 more·2015·JAMA

Abstract

IMPORTANCE: Cerebral amyloid-β aggregation is an early pathological event in Alzheimer disease (AD), starting decades before dementia onset. Estimates of the prevalence of amyloid pathology in persons without dementia are needed to understand the development of AD and to design prevention studies. OBJECTIVE: To use individual participant data meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of amyloid pathology as measured with biomarkers in participants with normal cognition, subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). DATA SOURCES: Relevant biomarker studies identified by searching studies published before April 2015 using the MEDLINE and Web of Science databases and through personal communication with investigators. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were included if they provided individual participant data for participants without dementia and used an a priori defined cutoff for amyloid positivity. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Individual records were provided for 2914 participants with normal cognition, 697 with SCI, and 3972 with MCI aged 18 to 100 years from 55 studies. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Prevalence of amyloid pathology on positron emission tomography or in cerebrospinal fluid according to AD risk factors (age, apolipoprotein E [APOE] genotype, sex, and education) estimated by generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: The prevalence of amyloid pathology increased from age 50 to 90 years from 10% (95% CI, 8%-13%) to 44% (95% CI, 37%-51%) among participants with normal cognition; from 12% (95% CI, 8%-18%) to 43% (95% CI, 32%-55%) among patients with SCI; and from 27% (95% CI, 23%-32%) to 71% (95% CI, 66%-76%) among patients with MCI. APOE-ε4 carriers had 2 to 3 times higher prevalence estimates than noncarriers. The age at which 15% of the participants with normal cognition were amyloid positive was approximately 40 years for APOE ε4ε4 carriers, 50 years for ε2ε4 carriers, 55 years for ε3ε4 carriers, 65 years for ε3ε3 carriers, and 95 years for ε2ε3 carriers. Amyloid positivity was more common in highly educated participants but not associated with sex or biomarker modality. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among persons without dementia, the prevalence of cerebral amyloid pathology as determined by positron emission tomography or cerebrospinal fluid findings was associated with age, APOE genotype, and presence of cognitive impairment. These findings suggest a 20- to 30-year interval between first development of amyloid positivity and onset of dementia.

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Crossref · 10.1001/jama.2015.4668

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  • Case-control studies without neuropathological or biomarker assessments of AD may have underestimated the impact of APOE genotypes on Alzheimer's dementia odds ratios due to the confounding effects of APOE genotypes on the percentages of neuropathologically misclassified cases and controls.

    “This possibility has remained unaddressed, because case–control studies without neuropathological or biomarker assessments of AD may have underestimated the impact of APOE genotypes on Alzheimer’s dementia ORs due to the confounding effects of APOE genotypes on the percentages of neuropathologically misclassified cases and controls8–10.”

    From Exceptionally low likelihood of Alzheimer’s dementia in APOE2 homozygotes from a 5,000-person neuropathological study (2020) · cites this paper as [10]

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  • Due to prioritized ascertainment, the number of misclassified cases and controls available through the AD Genetics Consortium is much smaller than the estimated number of neuropathologically misclassified cases and controls, limiting the ability to clarify the impact of brain donation on APOE ORs in post hoc analyses.

    “Due to the prioritized ascertainment of those cases who met the clinical and neuropathological criteria for Alzheimer’s dementia and those unimpaired controls without AD, the number of misclassified cases and controls available through the AD Genetics Consortium12 is much smaller than our estimated number of neuropathologically misclassified cases and controls8–11, limiting our ability to clarify”

    From Exceptionally low likelihood of Alzheimer’s dementia in APOE2 homozygotes from a 5,000-person neuropathological study (2020) · cites this paper as [10]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

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  • Up to 60% of CU individuals over age 80 years have AD neuropathologic changes at autopsy or by biomarkers.

    “Up to 60% of CU individuals over age 80 years have AD neuropathologic changes at autopsy or by biomarkers [60,152,212–214].”

    From NIA‐AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer's disease (2018) · cites this paper as [60]

    The paper reports amyloid pathology in cognitively normal people and cites neuropathological studies finding 10%–60% prevalence in people without dementia (Introduction; page not provided). But that 60% range is not specific to people over 80. Its own biomarker results estimate 44% at age 90 overall, while the Discussion reports more than 80% among APOE-ε4 carriers with normal cognition, so the stated age-specific upper figure is not established by this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • There is a suggested 2- to 30-year interval between first development of Aβ positivity and onset of dementia.

    “In epidemiological cohorts assessing patients without dementia using amyloid PET status or CSF profile, Aβ pathology was associated with APOE genotype, presence of cognitive impairment and suggested a 2- to 30- year interval between first development of Αβ positivity and onset of dementia [3, 169].”

    From The use of neuroimaging techniques in the early and differential diagnosis of dementia (2023) · cites this paper as [169]

    The Conclusions and Discussion suggest a 20- to 30-year interval between first amyloid positivity and dementia, not the claimed 2- to 30-year interval. The source supports the suggested interval but not its 2-year lower bound. (LLM, conf=0.90)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • The association of the APOE4 isoform with amyloid deposition has been well established in human studies, where APOE4 carriers exhibit higher Aβ plaque burden and earlier onset of amyloid positivity compared with non-carriers.

    “The association of the APOE4 isoform with amyloid deposition has been well established in human studies, where APOE4 carriers exhibit higher A β plaque burden and earlier onset of amyloid positivity compared with non-carriers 35 -37 .”

    From APOE2 attenuates APOE4-associated amyloid pathology and related toxicity in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (2026) · cites this paper as [35]

    The Results (Prevalence of Amyloid Positivity; page not provided) report higher amyloid-positivity prevalence in APOE-ε4 carriers and an earlier age at which carriers reach 15% positivity. The paper does not establish that carriers have a higher Aβ plaque burden per person; it reports the prevalence of biomarker-defined amyloid pathology instead. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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Authors
Jansen, W. J., Ossenkoppele, R., Knol, D. L., Tijms, B. M., Scheltens, P., Verhey, F. R. J., Visser, P. J., Aalten, P., Aarsland, D., Alcolea, D., Alexander, M., Almdahl, I. S., Arnold, S. E., Baldeiras, I., Barthel, H., van Berckel, B. N. M., Bibeau, K., Blennow, K., Brooks, D. J., van Buchem, M. A., Camus, V., Cavedo, E., Chen, K., Chetelat, G., Cohen, A. D., Drzezga, A., Engelborghs, S., Fagan, A. M., Fladby, T., Fleisher, A. S., van der Flier, W. M., Ford, L., Förster, S., Fortea, J., Foskett, N., Frederiksen, K. S., Freund-Levi, Y., Frisoni, G. B., Froelich, L., Gabryelewicz, T., Gill, K. D., Gkatzima, O., Gómez-Tortosa, E., Gordon, M. F., Grimmer, T., Hampel, H., Hausner, L., Hellwig, S., Herukka, S.-K., Hildebrandt, H., Ishihara, L., Ivanoiu, A., Jagust, W. J., Johannsen, P., Kandimalla, R., Kapaki, E., Klimkowicz-Mrowiec, A., Klunk, W. E., Köhler, S., Koglin, N., Kornhuber, J., Kramberger, M. G., Van Laere, K., Landau, S. M., Lee, D. Y., de Leon, M., Lisetti, V., Lleó, A., Madsen, K., Maier, W., Marcusson, J., Mattsson, N., de Mendonça, A., Meulenbroek, O., Meyer, P. T., Mintun, M. A., Mok, V., Molinuevo, J. L., Møllergård, H. M., Morris, J. C., Mroczko, B., Van der Mussele, S., Na, D. L., Newberg, A., Nordberg, A., Nordlund, A., Novak, G. P., Paraskevas, G. P., Parnetti, L., Perera, G., Peters, O., Popp, J., Prabhakar, S., Rabinovici, G. D., Ramakers, I. H. G. B., Rami, L., Resende de Oliveira, C., Rinne, J. O., Rodrigue, K. M., Rodríguez-Rodríguez, E., Roe, C. M., Rot, U., Rowe, C. C., Rüther, E., Sabri, O., Sanchez-Juan, P., Santana, I., Sarazin, M., Schröder, J., Schütte, C., Seo, S. W., Soetewey, F., Soininen, H., Spiru, L., Struyfs, H., Teunissen, C. E., Tsolaki, M., Vandenberghe, R., Verbeek, M. M., Villemagne, V. L., Vos, S. J. B., van Waalwijk van Doorn, L. J. C., Waldemar, G., Wallin, A., Wallin, Å. K., Wiltfang, J., Wolk, D. A., Zboch, M., & Zetterberg, H.
Affiliations
  • Maastricht University (NL)
  • Amsterdam Neuroscience (NL)
  • Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
  • Stavanger University Hospital (NO)
  • Hospital de Sant Pau (ES)
  • Roche (United Kingdom) (GB)
  • Akershus University Hospital (NO)
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
  • Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra (PT)
  • Leipzig University (DE)
  • Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
  • GlaxoSmithKline (United States) (US)
  • University of Gothenburg (SE)
  • Imperial College London (GB)
  • Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
  • Université de Tours (FR)
  • Sorbonne Université (FR)
  • Banner Alzheimer’s Institute (US)
  • Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1077, Caen, France
  • University of Pittsburgh (US)
  • University of Cologne (DE)
  • University of Antwerp (BE)
  • Washington University in St. Louis (US)
  • University of California San Diego (US)
  • Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands6Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
  • Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, New Jersey
  • Technical University of Munich (DE)
  • University of Copenhagen (DK)
  • Department of Geriatrics, Institution of NVS, Section of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  • University of Geneva (CH)
  • Heidelberg University (DE)
  • Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences (PL)
  • Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (IN)
  • Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
  • Department of Neurology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
  • Boehringer Ingelheim (United States) (US)
  • TUM Klinikum (DE)
  • Inserm (FR)
  • University Medical Center Freiburg (DE)
  • University of Eastern Finland (FI)
  • Center for Neurology, Hospital of Bremen-Ost, Bremen, Germany
  • GlaxoSmithKline (United Kingdom) (GB)
  • Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (BE)
  • University of California, Berkeley (US)
  • Rigshospitalet (DK)
  • Emory University (US)
  • National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
  • Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Krakow, Poland
  • Piramal (Germany) (DE)
  • Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
  • Ljubljana University Medical Centre (SI)
  • Department of Imaging and Pathology, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
  • Seoul National University (KR)
  • School of Medicine, Center for Brain Health, New York University, New York
  • University of Perugia (IT)
  • Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
  • University of Bonn (DE)
  • Linköping University (SE)
  • Lund University (SE)
  • Institute of Molecular Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal
  • Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
  • Avid Radiopharmaceuticals (United States) (US)
  • Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
  • Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, IDIBAPS, Clinic University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
  • Medical University of Białystok (PL)
  • Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
  • Samsung Medical Center (KR)
  • Thomas Jefferson University (US)
  • Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
  • King's College London (GB)
  • German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DE)
  • Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
  • University of California, San Francisco (US)
  • Consorci Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (ES)
  • Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Center University of Coimbra, Portugal
  • University of Turku (FI)
  • The University of Texas at Dallas (US)
  • Neurology Service, Universitary Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
  • Center for Cognitive Impairments, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  • Austin Hospital (AU)
  • Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (DE)
  • Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne (FR)
  • Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy (RO)
  • KU Leuven (BE)
  • Departments of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
  • Wroclaw Medical University (PL)
  • National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (GB)
Venue
JAMA
Published
2015-05-19
Volume
313
Issue
19
Pages
1924
ISSN
  • 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
  • 0098-7484
OpenAlex
W2168357345
Cited by
1,610
References
51
Citations by year
2026: 118 · 2025: 144 · 2024: 168 · 2023: 140 · 2022: 151 · 2021: 174 · 2020: 184 · 2019: 142 · 2018: 135 · 2017: 117 · 2016: 92 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 1
FWCI
104.60
Type
journal article
Language
en
Licence
other-oa
Locations
  • JAMA (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
  • VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
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  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
  • IRIS (submittedVersion)
  • Homo Politicus (Academy of Humanities and Economics in Lodz) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Homo Politicus (Academy of Humanities and Economics in Lodz) (submittedVersion)
  • Jagiellonian University Repository (Jagiellonian University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Digital Access to Libraries (submittedVersion)
  • Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Lirias (submittedVersion)
  • Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • mediaTUM (Technical University of Munich) (submittedVersion)
  • GRO (submittedVersion)
  • Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
  • Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
  • VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
  • Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (P01AG003991,, P50AG005681, P01 AG026276, FP7/2007-2013, P50 AG005133, U01 AG024904)
  • U.S. Department of Defense (U01 AG024904, W81XWH, W81XWH-12-2-, W81XWH1220012, AG024904)
  • Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (P01AG026276, W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01AG024904, AG024904, P01AG003991)
  • Alzheimer's Association (P01 AG003991, P50 AG005681, U01 AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012)
  • Bristol-Myers Squibb (U01 AG024904, AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012)
  • Eli Lilly and Company (U01 AG024904, AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012)
  • Pfizer (AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012, 115372, U01 AG024904)
  • AstraZeneca
  • GlaxoSmithKline (P01AG026276)
  • Biogen (W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01 AG024904, AG024904)
  • University of Southern California (P01 AG003991, W81XWH-12-2-0012, P01 AG026276, U01 AG024904)
  • University of Pennsylvania
  • Emory University
  • F. Hoffmann-La Roche (W81XWH-12-2-0012, AG024904, U01 AG024904)
  • Medpace (U01 AG024904)
  • Meso Scale Diagnostics (U01 AG024904, AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012)
  • Synarc (U01 AG024904)
  • Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (P01AG026276, W81XWH-12-2–0012, U01AG024904, AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-)
  • BioClinica (U01 AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012, AG024904)
  • Itä-Suomen Yliopisto
  • National Research Centre
  • University of Pittsburgh (P50 AG005133)
  • Sundhed og Sygdom, Det Frie Forskningsråd
  • Thomas Jefferson University
  • Science and Industry Endowment Fund
  • Northern California Institute for Research and Education (U01 AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012)
  • EU Joint Programme – Neurodegenerative Disease Research
  • European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (FP7/20072013, ANR-10-IAIHU-06, 115372)
  • Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
  • Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine
  • York University
  • Imperial College London
  • European Commission (37670, U01 AG024904, 601055, 2007–2013, FP7 2007-2013, LSHB-CT-2005-512146, FP7/2007, W81XWH-12-2-0012, QLRT-2001-2455, 115372)
  • Bayer HealthCare
  • Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
  • Indian Council of Medical Research
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (HE 4560/1-2, DR 445/3-1, 115372, FP7/2007–2013, DR 445/4-1)
  • Universität Heidelberg
  • Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-10-IAIHU06, 10-IAIHU-06, ANR-10)
  • Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (ANR-10-IAIHU-06, INSERM U930)
  • Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (FP7/2007-2013, 37670)
  • Universiteit Leiden
  • Edith Cowan University
  • ZonMw
  • Universiteit van Amsterdam
  • Radboud Universiteit
  • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (FP7/2007-2013)
  • AXA Research Fund (ANR-10-IAIHU-06)
  • Academy of Finland (W81XWH-12-2-0012, 115372, U01 AG024904)
  • Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01GI1007A, 01GI0420)
  • Seoul National University (FP7/2007-2013)
  • Sungkyunkwan University
  • Belgian Federal Science Policy Office
  • Gentofte Hospital
  • Dementia Collaborative Research Centres, Australia
  • Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
  • Ministero della Salute
  • Lunds Universitet
  • Lundbeckfonden
  • Eisai (W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01 AG024904, AG024904)
  • KU Leuven
  • Karolinska Institutet
  • Kuopion Yliopistollinen Sairaala
  • Chinese University of Hong Kong
  • Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum
  • Rigshospitalet
  • National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
  • Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen
  • Turun Yliopisto
  • Technische Universität München
  • Universidade de Coimbra
  • Université Pierre et Marie Curie (FP7/2007-2013)
  • Göteborgs Universitet
  • Universidade de Lisboa
  • Center for Translational Molecular Medicine (02N-101)
  • Radboud Universitair Medisch Centrum
  • Université de Genève
  • Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
  • Universiteit Antwerpen (FP7/2007-2013)
  • Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie "Carol Davila" Bucureşti
  • Universität zu Köln
  • Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
  • Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piastów Slaskich we Wroclawiu
  • Università degli Studi di Perugia (ANR-10-IAIHU-06)
  • Innovative Medicines Initiative (#115372, FP7/2007‐2013)
  • Servier (AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01 AG024904)
  • Turun Yliopistollinen Keskussairaala
  • Vlaamse regering
  • Merz Pharmaceuticals
  • H. Lundbeck A/S (U01 AG024904, AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012)
  • Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas
  • IXICO (AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01 AG024904)
  • Région Normandie
  • Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla
  • Sorbonne Université
  • Fondation pour la Recherche sur Alzheimer (ANR-10-IAIHU-06)
  • National Institutes of Health (3u01ag024904-10s2, FP7/2007-2013, W81XWH, W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01-AG024904, AG005133, R01 AG12101, AG008051, AG024904, AG005681, AG12101, AG025204, AG003991, AG026276, AG025516, ANR-10-IAIHU-06)
  • Genentech (W81XWH-12-2-0012, AG024904, U01 AG024904)
  • Samsung
  • University of California, San Diego (P50 AG005133)
  • Avid Radiopharmaceuticals
  • Canadian Institutes of Health Research (U01 AG024904, W81XWH-12-2-0012)
  • Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis (P01AG003991)
  • Medical Research Council (U01 AG024904)
  • Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, King's College London, University of London
  • National Health and Medical Research Council
  • Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI11/, PI13/01532)
  • Sahlgrenska Akademin
  • European Regional Development Fund (FP7/2007‐2013, 2007 – 2013, 20/21)
  • Krajowy Naukowy Osrodek Wiodacy
  • National Institute on Aging (U01-AG-024904, AG008051, R01AG13616, AG022374, W81XWH-12-2–0012, P01AG025204, AG-005133, RF1AG025516, P50AG005133, AG 024904, R01AG022374, P30AG010124, AG 12101, AG003991, R01AG012101, P30AG008051, AG026276, P50AG005681, AG025204, P01AG003991, R01-AG-12101, U19AG032438, U19AG010483, R37AG025516, R01AG013616, AG005681, P01AG026276, R01AG025516, AG 13616)
  • National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (W81XWH-12-2-0012, U01 AG024904, AG024904)
  • Janssen Research and Development
  • Janssen Pharmaceuticals
  • Cilag
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
Keywords
cerebral amyloid-beta, Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, subjective cognitive impairment, normal cognition, APOE ε4 carriers, APOE genotype, positron emission tomography, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, sex differences, dementia prevention
MeSH terms
Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Dementia, Female, Genotype, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Biomarkers, Prevalence, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Positron-Emission Tomography, Apolipoprotein E4, Cognitive Dysfunction

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