Cytokine Levels in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 and Other Conditions

Into the Eye of the Cytokine Storm

Tisoncik, J. R., Korth, M. J., Simmons, C. P., Farrar, J., Martin, T. R., & Katze, M. G. (2012) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.05015-11 · Cited by 1,940

Is a “Cytokine Storm” Relevant to COVID-19?

Sinha, P., Matthay, M. A., & Calfee, C. S. (2020) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3313 · Cited by 724

Multiplex bead array assays for detection of soluble cytokines: Comparisons of sensitivity and quantitative values among kits from multiple manufacturers

Khan, S. S., Smith, M. S., Reda, D., Suffredini, A. F., & McCoy, J. P. (2004) · Cytometry Part B Clinical Cytometry · doi:10.1002/cyto.b.20021 · Cited by 357

Cytometry

Özgen, Ü., Savaşan, S., Buck, S. A., & Ravindranath, Y. (2010) · Cytometry · doi:10.1002/(issn)1097-0320 · Cited by 211

Plasma levels of danger-associated molecular patterns are associated with immune suppression in trauma patients

Timmermans, K., Kox, M., Vaneker, M., van den Berg, M. P., John, A. T., van Laarhoven, A., van der Hoeven, H., Scheffer, G. J., & Pickkers, P. (2016) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-015-4205-3 · Cited by 184

Norepinephrine Contributes to Enterocyte Damage in Septic Shock Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study

Habes, Q. L. M., van Ede, L., Gerretsen, J., Kox, M., & Pickkers, P. (2017) · Shock · doi:10.1097/shk.0000000000000955 · Cited by 31

The Involvement of Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns in the Development of Immunoparalysis in Cardiac Arrest Patients

Timmermans, K., Kox, M., Gerretsen, J., Peters, E., Scheffer, G. J., van der Hoeven, J. G., Pickkers, P., & Hoedemaekers, C. (2015) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000001204 · Cited by 30

Anticoagulation strategies and clinical outcomes in critically ill SARS-CoV-2 patients: A retrospective cohort study

Amini, S., Kazemi, M., Roostaei, G., & Rad, N. K. (2024) · Avicenna · doi:10.5339/avi.2024.11

Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection therapies on the risk of venous thromboembolism and cardiovascular events from the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry

Oblitas, C., Rodríguez, P. D., Barrera-López, L., Valle, F. G., Rubio‐Rivas, M., del Pino, J. L., Galvañ, V. G., Paredes, D., Fernández-Madera-Martínez, R., Aseguinolaza, M. G., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-90278-8

Epigenetic Mutations and Coronaviruses

Aqib, A. I., Khan, Y. R., Zaheer, T., Liaqat, R., Sohail, M. L., Ali, A., Sajid, H. A., Hussain, F., & Muneer, S. (2025) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9789815322194125010011

Differential cytokine and chemokine signatures in bronchoalveolar lavage and plasma predict clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients hospitalized in intensive care unit

Piralla, A., Gioria, S., Guerrini, G., Petazzoni, G., Ferrari, G., Ferrari, A., Giardina, F., Bergami, F., Orlando, A., Mongodi, S., et al. (2025) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2025.157042

Assessment of differences in clinical consequences between rituximab and interferon recipients in multiple sclerosis patients after recovery from COVID-19

Aghdam, A. M. A.-R., Sarkhosh, S., Farrokhi, Z., Behzadi, S., Moeini, N., & Mehranfar, S. (2025) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.015

Association of the rs2814778 variant in the ACKR1 gene, responsible for the Duffy erythrocyte antigen "null" phenotype, with COVID-19 severity in Southern Brazil

Góis, K. S., Braga, M., de Souza, V. H., Schavaren, J., Grava, S., Simão, A. N. C., Visentainer, J. E. L., & Neto, Q. A. D. L. (2025) · Einstein (São Paulo) · doi:10.31744/einstein_journal/2026ao1543

Additional file 1 of Clearance of inflammatory cytokines in patients with septic acute kidney injury during renal replacement therapy using the EMiC2 filter (Clic-AKI study)

Lumlertgul, N., Hall, A., Camporota, L., Crichton, S. L., & Ostermann, M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13663116

Additional file 1 of Soluble TREM-1 plasma concentration predicts poor outcome in COVID-19 patients

Gibot, S., Lafon, T., Jacquin, L., Lefèvre, B., Kimmoun, A., Guillaumot, A., Losser, M.-R., Douplat, M., Argaud, L., Ciancio, G. D., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23938562

Additional file 7 of Case study observational research: inflammatory cytokines in the bronchial epithelial lining fluid of COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure

Sudo, K., Kinoshita, M., Kawaguchi, K., Kushimoto, K., Yoshii, R., Inoue, K., Yamasaki, M., Matsuyama, T., Kooguchi, K., Takashima, Y., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26710361

Additional file 3 of Clearance of inflammatory cytokines in patients with septic acute kidney injury during renal replacement therapy using the EMiC2 filter (Clic-AKI study)

Lumlertgul, N., Hall, A., Camporota, L., Crichton, S. L., & Ostermann, M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13663122

Additional file 2 of Systemic inflammation alters the neuroinflammatory response: a prospective clinical trial in traumatic brain injury

Lassarén, P., Lindblad, C., Frostell, A., Carpenter, K. L. H., Guilfoyle, M. R., Hutchinson, P. J. A., Helmy, A. E., & Thelin, E. P. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16681661

Additional file 2 of Clearance of inflammatory cytokines in patients with septic acute kidney injury during renal replacement therapy using the EMiC2 filter (Clic-AKI study)

Lumlertgul, N., Hall, A., Camporota, L., Crichton, S. L., & Ostermann, M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13663119

Additional file 4 of Case study observational research: inflammatory cytokines in the bronchial epithelial lining fluid of COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure

Sudo, K., Kinoshita, M., Kawaguchi, K., Kushimoto, K., Yoshii, R., Inoue, K., Yamasaki, M., Matsuyama, T., Kooguchi, K., Takashima, Y., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26710352

Additional file 2 of Case study observational research: inflammatory cytokines in the bronchial epithelial lining fluid of COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure

Sudo, K., Kinoshita, M., Kawaguchi, K., Kushimoto, K., Yoshii, R., Inoue, K., Yamasaki, M., Matsuyama, T., Kooguchi, K., Takashima, Y., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26710346

Additional file 6 of Clearance of inflammatory cytokines in patients with septic acute kidney injury during renal replacement therapy using the EMiC2 filter (Clic-AKI study)

Lumlertgul, N., Hall, A., Camporota, L., Crichton, S. L., & Ostermann, M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13663134

Additional file 7 of Systemic inflammation alters the neuroinflammatory response: a prospective clinical trial in traumatic brain injury

Lassarén, P., Lindblad, C., Frostell, A., Carpenter, K. L. H., Guilfoyle, M. R., Hutchinson, P. J. A., Helmy, A. E., & Thelin, E. P. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16681679

Additional file 1 of Case study observational research: inflammatory cytokines in the bronchial epithelial lining fluid of COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure

Sudo, K., Kinoshita, M., Kawaguchi, K., Kushimoto, K., Yoshii, R., Inoue, K., Yamasaki, M., Matsuyama, T., Kooguchi, K., Takashima, Y., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26710343

Additional file 4 of Clearance of inflammatory cytokines in patients with septic acute kidney injury during renal replacement therapy using the EMiC2 filter (Clic-AKI study)

Lumlertgul, N., Hall, A., Camporota, L., Crichton, S. L., & Ostermann, M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13663128

Additional file 5 of Clearance of inflammatory cytokines in patients with septic acute kidney injury during renal replacement therapy using the EMiC2 filter (Clic-AKI study)

Lumlertgul, N., Hall, A., Camporota, L., Crichton, S. L., & Ostermann, M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13663131

Additional file 6 of Case study observational research: inflammatory cytokines in the bronchial epithelial lining fluid of COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure

Sudo, K., Kinoshita, M., Kawaguchi, K., Kushimoto, K., Yoshii, R., Inoue, K., Yamasaki, M., Matsuyama, T., Kooguchi, K., Takashima, Y., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26710358

Additional file 1 of Systemic inflammation alters the neuroinflammatory response: a prospective clinical trial in traumatic brain injury

Lassarén, P., Lindblad, C., Frostell, A., Carpenter, K. L. H., Guilfoyle, M. R., Hutchinson, P. J. A., Helmy, A. E., & Thelin, E. P. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16681658

Additional file 3 of Systemic inflammation alters the neuroinflammatory response: a prospective clinical trial in traumatic brain injury

Lassarén, P., Lindblad, C., Frostell, A., Carpenter, K. L. H., Guilfoyle, M. R., Hutchinson, P. J. A., Helmy, A. E., & Thelin, E. P. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16681664

Additional file 5 of Case study observational research: inflammatory cytokines in the bronchial epithelial lining fluid of COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure

Sudo, K., Kinoshita, M., Kawaguchi, K., Kushimoto, K., Yoshii, R., Inoue, K., Yamasaki, M., Matsuyama, T., Kooguchi, K., Takashima, Y., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26710355

Additional file 3 of Case study observational research: inflammatory cytokines in the bronchial epithelial lining fluid of COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure

Sudo, K., Kinoshita, M., Kawaguchi, K., Kushimoto, K., Yoshii, R., Inoue, K., Yamasaki, M., Matsuyama, T., Kooguchi, K., Takashima, Y., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26710349

Additional file 8 of Case study observational research: inflammatory cytokines in the bronchial epithelial lining fluid of COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure

Sudo, K., Kinoshita, M., Kawaguchi, K., Kushimoto, K., Yoshii, R., Inoue, K., Yamasaki, M., Matsuyama, T., Kooguchi, K., Takashima, Y., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26710364

Additional file 1 of One-year follow-up study after patients with severe COVID-19 received human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells treatment

Shi, L., Zheng, Y., Cheng, Z., Ji, N., Niu, C., Wang, Y., Huang, T., Li, R., Huang, M., Chen, X., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20329675

Therapeutic activity and mode of action of a novel virotherapy to restore sepsis-induced immunosuppression

Crausaz, M. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d0a5defazaeb0z46a2zb177z225779634e8f

Pneumopathie acquise sous ventilation mécanique et COVID-19 : modélisation et pronostic

Vacheron, C. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/efada951z6b5ez45e2zb4a7zfeed089e8453

Long noncoding RNA#61 synergizes with viral PA-X to augment pyroptosis and attenuate the virulence of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in mice

Chen, X., Zheng, X., Zhang, L., Cai, X., Hong, X., Hou, S., Ma, X., Hu, Z., Gu, M., Wang, X., et al. (2026) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02214-25

Comparison of SOFA score alone versus SOFA score with interleukin-6 for outcome prediction in ICU patients with sepsis: a prospective observational study

Gupta, L., Dialani, A., P., S. N., & Chaudhary, K. (2026) · Frontiers in Anesthesiology · doi:10.3389/fanes.2026.1861908

Concomitant IVIG and intermediate-dose methylprednisolone in critically ill patients with severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study

Elmas, D., & Kızılarslanoğlu, M. C. (2026) · Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine · doi:10.32322/jhsm.1937161

Aortic Endograft Infection After COVID-19: A Single-Centre Case Series and a Proposed Descriptive Clinical–Radiological PET/CT Staging Framework

Sultan, S., Tasopoulou, K.-M., Acharya, Y., Bartolozzi, H., Gallagher, N., Wijns, W. C., & Soliman, O. I. I. (2026) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics16203355

Cytokine elevation in severe and critical COVID-19: a rapid systematic review, meta-analysis, and comparison with other inflammatory syndromes

Leisman, D. E., Ronner, L., Pinotti, R., Taylor, M. D., Sinha, P., Calfee, C. S., Hirayama, A. V. V., Mastroianni, F., Turtle, C. J., Harhay, M. O., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30404-5 · Cited by 874

Selection of the Appropriate Control Group Is Essential in Evaluating the Cytokine Storm in COVID-19

Vassiliou, A. G., Dimopoulou, I., Jahaj, E., Keskinidou, C., Mastora, Z., Orfanos, S. E., & Kotanidou, Α. (2021) · In Vivo · doi:10.21873/invivo.12381 · Cited by 4

Covid-19 and Cytokine Storm

Vergara, L. L., Torralba, L., Diego, C. D., Lasierra, A., Lahoz, R., Abadía, C., de Gopegui, P. R., Godino, J., Cebollada, A., Jimeno, B., et al. (2022) · 10.01 - Respiratory infections and bronchiectasis · doi:10.1183/13993003.congress-2022.3255

COVID 19: in the eye of the cytokine storm

Liuzzo, G., & Patrono, C. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1005 · Cited by 32

Drastically elevated levels of Interleukin-6 and its soluble receptor complex in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress

Spigna, G. D., Cernia, D. S., Vargas, M., Buonavolontà, L., Servillo, G., & Postiglione, L. (2020) · Clinical and Medical Investigations · doi:10.15761/cmi.1000211 · Cited by 15