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Supporting the Health Care Workforce During the COVID-19 Global Epidemic
Abstract
This Viewpoint discusses the importance of protecting health care workers caring for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and measures that can be taken in and out of the hospital to prevent their and their families' exposure to SARS-CoV-2.
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“This is known to lead to immense pressure on all health care workers (HCW) due to increased workload, anxiety regarding acquiring infection or passing it on to a family member and fears of death (Chen et al., 2020; Adams and Walls, 2020)”
From Integrating mental health in COVID-19 crisis: Staff mental health referral pathway (2020) · cites this paper as Adams and Walls, 2020
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Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Del Rio, COVID-19—new insights on a rapidly changing epidemic., JAMA
- Bai, Presumed asymptomatic carrier transmission of COVID-19., JAMA
- Radonovich, 2019, N95 respirators vs medical masks for preventing influenza among health care personnel: a randomized clinical trial., JAMA, 322, 824, 10.1001/jama.2019.11645 · DOI · Paper page
- Ong, Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient., JAMA
- JAMA Network. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/pages/coronavirus-alert
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“Such infections and deaths have raised serious concerns about the safety of healthcare workers who work closely with infected patients [61].”
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Experiences of diagnostic radiographers through the Covid-19 pandemic
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“These findings are consistent with previous studies [14,15].”
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“Hence, it is mandatory to offer healthcare professionals’ answers and measures that promote their wellbeing and mental health in the following months [36].”
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“Hospital cleaners need proper training on decontamination measures of common places, infected patient rooms, isolation/quarantine wards, common toilets as well as health worker cabins and work spaces.[40,41] Moreover, a strong surveillance team must regularly monitor health facilities for adherence to infection contro…”
BackgroundImpact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Dermatologists and Dermatology Practice
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“Family members of the healthcare workers (HCW) are also at greater risk of transmission of infection from them.[3,4] In China, the primary epicentre of the pandemic, an estimated 3,000 HCW have been infected and at least 22 have died.”
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“%) was the dominant stress factor for group 2 (14). over the period of almost 3 years of the CoVID‑19 pandemic, it has become clear that working in the healthcare system may be emotionally and physically demanding. the health and wellbeing of healthcare staff is directly associated with patient…”
Rashid, T. U., Sharmeen, S., & Biswas, S. (2022) · ACS Chemical Health & Safety · doi:10.1021/acs.chas.1c00016 · Cited by 35
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“2021;1–12. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jonm © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd 1 (Adams & Walls, 2020).”
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“Meanwhile, they are seeing members of their ‘work family’ become ill and in some cases die, at a higher rate than in the general population (Adams & Walls, 2020).”
BackgroundInitial experiences of US neurologists in practice during the COVID-19 pandemic via survey
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“HCWs in the United States face numerous challenges, ranging from overwhelmed health care systems to shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) to appropriate evidence-based guidelines for prevention, infection control, and management.(2)”
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“Logic evidence informs safe standard operating procedures (SOPs) in healthcare settings 92 [14], personal protective equipment (PPE) inspection, and HCWs practice review are critically 93”
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“In our fi ndings, respondents from states experiencing surges in the spring/summer of 2020 (eg, New York, New Jersey, California, Texas) were more likely to report clinic shutdowns, practice changes, and greater concerns about physical and emotional health.”
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“Its rapid spread and lethality are proving to be higher than in previous epidemics also due to the high number of international trips and population movements (2), leading to urgent public”
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“Should be given priority when tests, vaccinations and treatments become available and in instrumentalization regarding the proper use of PPE and hygiene(44-45,47).”
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“This will help to revitalize and re-energize them for better team performance [7,9].”
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“Work-related stress is a potential cause of concern for health professionals and has been linked to anxiety and depression in the face of the coexistence of countless deaths, long work shifts with the most diverse unknowns and demands in the treatment of patients with COVID-19, which may indicate a process of psychic…”
BackgroundModelling the economic burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection in health care workers in four countries
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“On the other hand, susceptible individuals ought to avoid attending crowded place and use surgical masks in high-risk conditions.(137) However, According to recent findings by researchers that the virus survives in the air for 3 h,(37) it is necessary to discuss the general public’s need to use face masks.”
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“It has been reported that there were more than 100,000 infected cases with COVID-19 and more than 3,500 deaths globally (15).”
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“pharmaceutical care [8], and protect the safety of our current health workforce [9].”
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“5 In line with the current positions of the WHO and the CDC, the Brazilian Academy of Rhinology (Academia Brasileira de Rinologia, ABR, in Porutugese) advises to avoid the use of systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of patients with influenza-like symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic.”
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“The increase in number of cases has placed severe strain on the capacity of health care system in almost all countries; moreover, this situation potentially brings negative consequences to health workers who have to work amid the high risk of infection and limited resources that lead to the inability to provide proper…”
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“…cases of depression, anxiety, physical and mental fatigue, stress, and burnout have been witnessed among healthcare providers (AlAteeq et al., 2020, Adams and Walls, 2020; Alshekaili et al., 2020; Ghahramani et al., 2021, Hu et al., 2020; Lai et al., 2020; Panagioti et al., 2018; Pappa et al.,…”
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“19 Although focusing on wellness is always important, it has become even more crucial in these times.”
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“This has a significant impact on their mental health [18].”
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“Declaring the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic by the World Health Organization has raised concerns about its possible detrimental effects on clinicians’ workload and well-being [6].”
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“The situation of HCPs struggling to balance day-to-day self-management while having to intensify their work is exacerbated by their circumstances, such as having elderly family members, children at home, or family members with special needs [14].”
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“For these reasons, HCWs, along with the elderly and people suffering from autoimmune diseases, were given priority by the Saudi Ministry of Health when vaccinations and treatments became available [58, 59].”
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“These factors include fear of virus exposure and occupational risk, increased working hours and disruption of work-life balance, disruption of family life and support networks, and inability to adapt to a rapidly changing work environment (3, 4).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGlobal impact of COVID-19 on newborn screening programmes
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“family members would enhance workforce confidence and availability, but the feasibility and advisability of family priority is yet to be determined (34).”
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Nurses’ Sleep Quality of “Fangcang” Hospital in China during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Huang, L. J., Lei, W., Liu, H., Hang, R., Tao, X., & Zhan, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00404-y · Cited by 23
“The increasing number of cases increases the pressure and worries of medical staff (Lai et al. 2020; Adams and Walls 2020; Kushal et al. 2018; Chan-Yeung 2004), bringing them great mental pressure.”
BackgroundAlduraywish, A. A., Srivastava, K. C., Shrivastava, D., Sghaireen, M. G., Alsharari, A. F., Aljohani, K., & Alam, M. K. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17207415 · Cited by 23
“It will not only help in flattening the curve of the pandemic, but also protect the HCPs from contacting the disease [10].”
BackgroundShé, É. N., O’Donnell, D., O’Shea, M. F., & Stokes, D. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186442 · Cited by 33
Seven Shades of Black Thoughts: COVID-19 and Its Psychological Consequences on Cancer Patients
Garutti, M., Cortiula, F., & Puglisi, F. (2020) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.01357 · Cited by 20
“The SARS-COV-2 pandemic has challenged not only governments, institutions, and researchers, but also doctors in new and unexpected ways (2, 3).”
BackgroundThinking outside the (acrylic) box: a framework for the local use of custom‐made medical devices
Turner, M. C., Duggan, L. V., Glezerson, B. A., & Marshall, S. D. (2020) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.15152 · Cited by 19
“Added to this is the actual or threatened scarcity of personal protective equipment (PPE), ventilators and hand sanitiser [2].”
BackgroundGallego, M. Á., Casas, S. G. D. L., Miguelañez, I. P., Rubio-Pérez, I., Serrano, C. B., Peña, E. Á., & Domínguez, J. D. (2020) · Cirugía Española (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.cireng.2020.05.008 · Cited by 20
“Hospitals in areas with a high incidence of cases have had to adapt quickly to this situation and organize COVID-19 patient treatment according to daily necessities.(2,3) In addition to increasing the number of hospital beds and ICUs, it has been necessary to adapt the work activities of other hospital departments, su…”
BackgroundNursing managers' experiences of facing the COVID‐19 pandemic in their work: A systematic review
Leppäkoski, T., Mattila, E., & Kaunonen, M. (2023) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.1694 · Cited by 19
“At the same time, the crisis caused by the pandemic has put tremendous pressure on the healthcare workforce and ensuring adequate healthcare capacity (Adams & Walls, 2020; Trentini et al., 2021).”
BackgroundKolié, D., Semaan, A. T., Day, L. T., Delvaux, T., Délamou, A., & Beňová, L. (2022) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0000602 · Cited by 24
“The effect of interventions undertaken in the first period of the pandemic to mitigate occupational risk—including development and implementation of training and safety guidelines, production and distribution of PPE during subsequent waves of the COVID-19 pandemic—remains unknown [31, 32].”
BackgroundJaber, M. J., Al-Bashaireh, A. M., AlShatarat, M., Alqudah, O., du Preez, S. E., Alghamdi, K. S., AlTmaizy, H. M., & Dawass, M. A. A. (2022) · Open Nursing Journal · doi:10.2174/18744346-v16-e2203140 · Cited by 19
Parvaresh‐Masoud, M., Imanipour, M., & Cheraghi, M. A. (2021) · Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ejhs.v31i6.6 · Cited by 21
“Mental health problems in turn not only affect their decision-making abilities, but also may cause them permanent physical and mental health problems even after the end of epidemics (6-7, 9, 11, 17-18).”
BackgroundWork, Health and Covid‑19: A Literature ReviewPreprint
Purkayastha, D., Vanroelen, C., Bircan, T., Vantyghem, M. A., & Adsera, C. G. (2021) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3856915 · Cited by 19
“Though exposure to the disease while treating patients is unavoidable, the proper use of PPE and basic infection prevention and control (IPC) is found to be quite effective even for healthcare workers (Adams and Walls 2020; Bielicki et al. 2020).”
BackgroundCollaborative, T., Laloo, R., Karri, R., Wanigasooriya, K., Beedham, W., Darr, A., Layton, G., Logan, P. C., Tan, Y., Mittapalli, D., et al. (2021) · International journal of clinical practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.14314 · Cited by 19
“Layton (1) (5) Peter Logan (1) (6) Yanyu Tan (1) (7) Devender Mittapalli (1) (8) Tapan Patel (9) Collaborative authors (citable) Vivaswan Dutt Mishra (10) Osama Faleh Odeh (11) Swathi Prakash (12) Salma Elnoamany (13) Sri Ramya Peddinti (14) Elorm Adzoa Daketsey (15) Shardool Gadgil (16) Ahmad Bouhuwaish (17) Ahmad Oz…”
BackgroundFighting Strategies Against the Novel Coronavirus Pandemic: Impact on Global Economy
Gorain, B., Choudhury, H., Molugulu, N., Athawale, R., & Kesharwani, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.606129 · Cited by 31
“In China, around 3,000 healthcare providers have been infected, and among them, around 22 had died (43).”
BackgroundUnderstanding COVID-19: From Origin to Potential Therapeutics
Moazzam, M., Sajid, M. I., Shahid, H., Butt, J., Bashir, I., Jamshaid, M. B., Shirazi, A. N., & Tiwari, R. K. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165904 · Cited by 23
“Proper use and disposal of the surgical mask is necessary to minimize the risk of transmission [136,137].”
BackgroundPai, R. R., Nayak, M. G., & Sangeetha, N. (2020) · Indian Journal of Palliative Care · doi:10.4103/ijpc.ijpc_182_20 · Cited by 19
“Direct and thoughtful communication is also an essential aspect of coordination, which could build trust in the health‐care workers, which might, in turn, help reduce anxiety.[21] Measures to cope with the stress can be alleviating the symptoms, providing patient‐centered care, care for patients and families, and usin…”
BackgroundManagement of Agitation During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Wong, A. H.-W., Roppolo, L. P., Chang, B., Yonkers, K. A., Wilson, M. P., Powsner, S. M., & Rozel, J. S. (2020) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.2020.5.47789 · Cited by 22
“3 In particular, those on the front lines in the ED may have increased feelings of anxiety, frustration, and resentment due to these added stressors in a dynamic and high-stress clinical environment.”
Best Practices for a Covid-19 Preparedness Plan for Health Systems
Kuy, S., Gupta, R., Correa, R., Tsai, R., & Vohra, S. (2020) · Nejm Catalyst Innovations in Care Delivery · doi:10.1056/cat.20.0108 · Cited by 19
Kotera, Y., Jackson, J. E., Kirkman, A., Edwards, A., Colman, R. D., Underhill, A., Jackson, J. G., Baker, D., & Ozaki, A. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01018-w · Cited by 30
“Healthcare workers and students are at the frontline for diagnosing, treating and caring for patients (Rothe et al., 2020), affecting their mental health more negatively than their physical health (Adams & Walls, 2020).”
Lorello, G., Gautam, M., Barned, C., & Peer, M. (2021) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.15360 · Cited by 18
Nurse Managers Leading the Way: Reenvisioning Stress to Maintain Healthy Work Environments.
Dimino, K., Learmonth, A. E., & Fajardo, C. C. (2021) · Critical Care Nurse · doi:10.4037/ccn2021463 · Cited by 18
Contact Screening for Healthcare Workers Exposed to Patients with COVID-19
Coppeta, L., Somma, G., Ippoliti, L., Ferrari, C., D'Alessandro, I., Pietroiusti, A., & Aurilio, M. T. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17239082 · Cited by 18
“While Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread worldwide, the strain on the global healthcare system is to escalate because of the potentially overwhelming burden of illnesses that stresses the health system capacity and also because of the adverse effects on healthcare workers…”
BackgroundStrategies for Resiliency of Medical Staff During COVID-19
Chesak, S. S., Perlman, A., Gill, P. R., & Bhagra, A. (2020) · Mayo Clinic proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.002 · Cited by 18
“The resultant overwhelming burden of illness and mortality has threatened operations of health care institutions worldwide and the physical, emotional, and financial health of their workers.(1) Health care workers must grapple with fears of infection, death, and the risk of COVID-19 transmission to their families, as…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Adams, J. G., & Walls, R. M.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Adams, James G.
- ORCID
- Adams, James G.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2020-04-21
- Volume
- 323
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1439
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W3010574983
- Cited by
- 1,498
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 265 · 2021: 420 · 2020: 526
- FWCI
- 353.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare Systems and Challenges
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infection Control in Healthcare
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, healthcare workers, occupational exposure, infection control, personal protective equipment, family exposure
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Workforce, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Health Personnel, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional, Coronavirus Infections, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Pandemics
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