Cited by 419Physical Activity and HealthCardiovascular and exercise physiologyObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

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Prevalence and Cardiovascular Disease Correlates of Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adolescents and Adults

Carnethon, Mercedes R.·2005·JAMA

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Abstract

CONTEXT: Population surveys indicate that physical activity levels are low in the United States. One consequence of inactivity, low cardiorespiratory fitness, is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality, but the prevalence of cardiorespiratory fitness has not been quantified in representative US population samples. OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of low fitness in the US population aged 12 through 49 years and to relate low fitness to CVD risk factors in this population. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Inception cohort study using data from the cross-sectional nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. Participants were adolescents (aged 12-19 years; n = 3110) and adults (aged 20-49 years; n = 2205) free from previously diagnosed CVD who underwent submaximal graded exercise treadmill testing to achieve at least 75% to 90% of their age-predicted maximum heart rate. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was estimated by measuring the heart rate response to reference levels of submaximal work. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Low fitness defined using percentile cut points of estimated VO2max from existing external referent populations; anthropometric and other CVD risk factors measured according to standard methods. RESULTS: Low fitness was identified in 33.6% of adolescents (approximately 7.5 million US adolescents) and 13.9% of adults (approximately 8.5 million US adults); the prevalence was similar in adolescent females (34.4%) and males (32.9%) (P = .40) but was higher in adult females (16.2%) than in males (11.8%) (P = .03). Non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans were less fit than non-Hispanic whites. In all age-sex groups, body mass index and waist circumference were inversely associated with fitness; age- and race-adjusted odds ratios of overweight or obesity (body mass index > or =25) ranged from 2.1 to 3.7 (P<.01 for all), comparing persons with low fitness with those with moderate or high fitness. Total cholesterol levels and systolic blood pressure were higher and levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were lower among participants with low vs high fitness. CONCLUSION: Low fitness in adolescents and adults is common in the US population and is associated with an increased prevalence of CVD risk factors.

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Authors: Carnethon, M. R.
Affiliations: Northwestern University (US)
Corresponding author: Carnethon, Mercedes R.
ORCID: Carnethon, Mercedes R.
Venue: JAMA
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2005-12-21
Volume: 294
Issue: 23
Pages: 2981
ISSN: 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
0098-7484
DOI: 10.1001/jama.294.23.2981
OpenAlex: W2045977346
Semantic Scholar: ce5597af147efccd9411d6cd4d36a9577e3036ac
Cited by: 417
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 27
FWCI: 10.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: JAMA (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K01HL073249, 5 K01 HL73249-02)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords: cardiovascular risk, prevalence, adolescents, adults, physical inactivity, VO2max, cardiovascular risk factors, obesity, body mass index, waist circumference, sex differences, racial differences, Mexican Americans, non-Hispanic blacks, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Exercise Test, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Nutrition Surveys, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Fitness, Pulmonary Ventilation, Respiratory Function Tests, Risk Factors, United States, Cohort Studies, Prevalence

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Prevalence and Cardiovascular Disease Correlates of Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adolescents and Adults

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