Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to determine a generalized equation for predicting maximal heart rate (HRmax) in healthy adults. BACKGROUND The age-predicted HRmax equation (i.e., 220 - age) is commonly used as a basis for prescribing exercise programs, as a criterion for achieving maximal exertion and as a clinical guide during diagnostic exercise testing. Despite its importance and widespread use, the validity of the HRmax equation has never been established in a sample that included a sufficient number of older adults. METHODS First, a meta-analytic approach was used to collect group mean HRmax values from 351 studies involving 492 groups and 18,712 subjects. Subsequently, the new equation was cross-validated in a well-controlled, laboratory-based study in which HRmax was measured in 514 healthy subjects. RESULTS In the meta-analysis, HRmax was strongly related to age (r = -0.90), using the equation of 208 - 0.7 x age. The regression equation obtained in the laboratory-based study (209 - 0.7 x age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis. The regression line was not different between men and women, nor was it influenced by wide variations in habitual physical activity levels. CONCLUSIONS 1) A regression equation to predict HRmax is 208 - 0.7 x age in healthy adults. 2) HRmax is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and habitual physical activity status. Our findings suggest that the currently used equation underestimates HRmax…
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Claims the paper makes
1 of 31 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisenone given
Previous attempts to establish a more appropriate HRmax equation probably or definitely included subjects with cardiovascular disease who smoked and/or were taking cardiac medications.
“However, similar to the original reports by Fox and Haskell (7,8), these studies probably or definitely included subjects with cardiovascular disease who smoked and/or were taking cardiac medications.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 5 sources checked- cites [9] Londeree, 1984, Influence of age and other factors on maximal heart rate, J Cardiac Rehabil
- cites [10] Whaley, 1992, Predictors of over- and underachievement of age-predicted maximal heart rate, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- cites [11] Sheffield, 1978, Maximal heart rate and treadmill performance of healthy women in relation to age, Circulation source
Subjects and Methods (p. 1) reports that three volunteers took mild antihypertensive medications and that none had been told she had cardiovascular disease other than elevated blood pressure. This supports the medication concern in part, but the paper does not report that its volunteers smoked or had other known cardiovascular disease. Its introduction (p. 1) also says medication use was unreported in an earlier study, not that those subjects definitely took medication. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [7] Fox, 1970, The exercise stress test
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [8] Fox, 1971, Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease, Ann Clin Res source
- Findingown data
The meta-analysis regression equation for HRmax when all subjects were combined is 208 − 0.7 × age.
“using the equation of 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The regression equation, when all the subjects were combined, was 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“First, a regression equation for estimating HR max is 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age in healthy adult humans, which is significantly different from the traditional 220 Ϫ age equation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
- Findingown data
The laboratory-based regression equation was virtually identical to the meta-analysis equation.
“The regression equation obtained in the laboratory-based study (209 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The traditional 220 − age equation is significantly different from the new 208 − 0.7 × age equation.
“First, a regression equation for estimating HR max is 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age in healthy adult humans, which is significantly different from the traditional 220 Ϫ age equation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The laboratory-based study regression equation for HRmax is 209 − 0.7 × age.
“The regression equation for HR max (209 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingcitation
The rate of decline in HRmax observed in the present study is very similar to that reported previously for intrinsic heart rate determined after cardiac autonomic blockade (−0.6 to −0.8 beats/min per year).
“the rate of decline in HR max observed in the present study is very similar to that reported previously for intrinsic heart rate determined after cardiac autonomic blockade (Ϫ0.6 Ϫ 0.8 beats/min per year) (14,15).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Findingown data
Age alone explained approximately 80% of the individual variance in HRmax in the meta-analysis.
“Stepwise regression analysis revealed that age alone explained ϳ80% of the individual variance in HR max .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the laboratory-based study, no significant differences in the HRmax regression equation were observed between men and women.
“Again, no significant differences in the HR max regression equation were observed between men and women”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the laboratory-based study, HRmax was inversely related to age in both men and women.
“Maximal heart rate was inversely related to age in both men and women.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the laboratory-based study, no significant differences in the HRmax regression equation were observed between sedentary and endurance-trained subjects.
“or between sedentary (212 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age) and endurance-trained (205 Ϫ 0.6 ϫ age) subjects.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the meta-analysis, HRmax was strongly inversely related to age (r = −0.90).
“In the meta-analysis, HR max was strongly related to age (r ϭ Ϫ0.90)”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · boosted
“Maximal heart rate was strongly and inversely related to age in both men and women (r ϭ Ϫ0.90).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § RESULTS · boosted
- Findingown data
In the meta-analysis, the HRmax-age relation was not influenced by wide variations in habitual physical activity levels.
“nor was it influenced by wide variations in habitual physical activity levels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
At age 70 years, the difference between the traditional and new equations is about 10 beats/min.
“For example, at age 70 years, the difference between the two equations is ϳ10 beats/min.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
There was substantial variation in HRmax across the entire age range, with standard deviations ranging from 7 to 11 beats/min.
“There was substantial variation in HR max across the entire age range, with standard deviations ranging from 7 to 11 beats/min.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The present equation may not be applicable to individuals with overt cardiovascular disease and smokers.
“because we excluded individuals with overt cardiovascular disease and smokers (10,12,13), the present equation may not be applicable to these subjects.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [10] Whaley, 1992, Predictors of over- and underachievement of age-predicted maximal heart rate, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- cites [12] Wilmore, 1985, Acute response to submaximal and maximal exercise consequent to beta-adrenergic blockade, Am J Cardiol source
- cites [13] Graettinger, 1995, Relationship of left ventricular structure to maximal heart rate during exercise, Chest source
- Interpretationreasoning
A decrease in HRmax with age may primarily be due to the reduction in intrinsic heart rate.
“These results collectively suggest that a decrease in HR max with age may primarily be due to the reduction in intrinsic heart rate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
An aerobic exercise prescription based on the traditional equation would result in a target heart rate below the intended intensity.
“an aerobic exercise prescription based on the traditional equation would result in a target heart rate below the intended intensity”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The traditional 220 − age equation increasingly underestimates HRmax with further increases in age beyond 40 years.
“and then increasingly underestimates HR max with further increases in age.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The original reports proposing the 220 − age HRmax equation appear to be reviews by Fox and Haskell in the 1970s.
“The original reports proposing the 220 Ϫ age HR max equation appear to be reviews by Fox and Haskell in the 1970s (7,8).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [7] Fox, 1970, The exercise stress test
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [8] Fox, 1971, Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease, Ann Clin Res source
- Interpretationreasoning
The new HRmax equation may not precisely predict true HRmax in some individuals because of the standard deviation.
“as with previous equations, it may not precisely predict true HR max in some individuals, because of the standard deviation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The traditional 220 − age equation intersects the new equation at age 40 years.
“intersects with the present equation at age 40 years”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The underestimation of HRmax by the currently used equation would have the effect of underestimating the true level of physical stress imposed during exercise testing and the appropriate intensity of prescribed exercise programs.
“This would have the effect of underestimating the true level of physical stress imposed during exercise testing and the appropriate intensity of prescribed exercise programs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The traditional 220 − age equation overestimates HRmax in young adults.
“the traditional equation overestimates HR max in young adults”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The same age-based equation can be used for various groups of healthy adults to estimate their HRmax values.
“These results collectively indicate that the same age-based equation can be used for various groups of healthy adults to estimate their HR max values.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The results fail to validate the traditional equation for predicting HRmax across the adult age range in healthy humans.
“The results of the present study fail to validate the traditional equation for predicting HR max across the adult age range in healthy humans.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Considering a standard deviation of about 10 beats/min, the underestimation of HRmax could be greater than 20 beats/min for some older adults.
“Considering the wide range of individual subject values around the regression line for HR max (SD ϳ10 beats/min), the underestimation of HR max could be Ͼ20 beats/min for some older adults.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The new HRmax equation provides a more accurate estimation of HRmax on average.
“Although the present HR max equation Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate provides a more accurate estimation of HR max on average”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The present study is the first to determine the age-predicted equation for healthy, unmedicated and nonsmoking adult humans.
“Therefore, the present study is the first to determine the age-predicted equation for healthy, unmedicated and nonsmoking adult humans.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The new equation should provide more precise results for future use.
“we present a new equation for future use that should provide more precise results.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Use of the prevailing equation would result in an underestimation of aerobic fitness levels when maximal aerobic capacity is predicted by extrapolating submaximal heart rate to age-predicted HRmax.
“Under these conditions, use of the prevailing equation would result in an underestimation of aerobic fitness levels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisenone given
The validity of the age-predicted HRmax equation has not been established in a sample that included a sufficient number of older adults.
“Despite its importance and widespread use, the validity of the HR max equation has never been established in a sample that included a sufficient number of older adults.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“However, the validity of the age-predicted HR max equation has not been established, particularly in a study sample that included an adequate number of older adults (e.g., Ͼ60 years of age).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- May combine two claims. 11
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 6
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn the meta-analysis, the rate of decline and y intercepts of the HRmax-age relation did not differ between men and women.
“The rate of decline and the y intercepts were not different between men and women”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataData from treadmill and cycle ergometers were evaluated together and separately, and there were no differences in the results between the two analyses.
“Data from treadmill and cycle ergometers were evaluated together and separately.There were no differences in the results between the two analyses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataMaximal respiratory exchange ratio and maximal rating of perceived exertion were not different across ages, suggesting consistently similar voluntary maximal efforts.
“The maximal respiratory exchange ratio (1.17 Ϯ 0.06) and maximal rating of perceived exertion (19.1 Ϯ 0.8) were not different across ages, suggesting consistently similar voluntary maximal efforts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataHRmax is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and habitual physical activity status.
“HR max is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and habitual physical activity status.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Second, HR max is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and physical activity status.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationGender and habitual physical activity do not appear to influence intrinsic heart rate in humans.
“consistent with the present findings, gender (14) and habitual physical activity (16) do not appear to influence intrinsic heart rate in humans.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe traditional equation underestimates HRmax past age 40 years, markedly so in older adults.
“Specifically, the traditional equation underestimates HR max past age 40 years, markedly so in older adults.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
“Our findings suggest that the currently used equation underestimates HR max in older adults.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe age-predicted HRmax equation (220 − age) is commonly used as a basis for prescribing exercise programs, as a criterion for achieving maximal exertion, and as a clinical guide during diagnostic exercise testing.
“The age-predicted HR max equation (i.e., 220 Ϫ age) is commonly used as a basis for prescribing exercise programs, as a criterion for achieving maximal exertion and as a clinical guide during diagnostic exercise testing.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [1] 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [2] Fletcher, 1997, How to implement physical activity in primary and secondary prevention, Circulation source
- cites [3] Gibbons, 1997, ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol source
- cites [4] Tanaka, 1997, Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in physically active vs. sedentary healthy women, J Appl Physiol source
- cites [5] Howley, 1995, Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationUse of the prevailing prediction equation would result in premature termination of exercise testing and possibly failure to attain required exertion levels for diagnostic validity.
“use of the prevailing prediction equation would result in premature termination of the test and possibly failure to attain required exertion levels for diagnostic validity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] Gibbons, 1997, ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationEach subject achieved maximal exertion as verified by at least three of four conventional criteria.
“To ensure that each subject achieved maximal exertion, at least three of the following four criteria were met by each subject: 1) a plateau in VO 2 with increasing exercise intensity (Ͻ100 ml); 2) a respiratory exchange ratio of at least 1.15; 3) a maximal respiratory rate of at least 35 breaths/min; and 4) a rating of perceived exertion of at least 18 units on the Borg scale (5).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] Howley, 1995, Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCardiovascular disease, smoking, and cardiac medications each influence HRmax independent of age.
“Each of these conditions influences HR max independent of age (10,12,13).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [10] Whaley, 1992, Predictors of over- and underachievement of age-predicted maximal heart rate, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- cites [12] Wilmore, 1985, Acute response to submaximal and maximal exercise consequent to beta-adrenergic blockade, Am J Cardiol source
- cites [13] Graettinger, 1995, Relationship of left ventricular structure to maximal heart rate during exercise, Chest source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningThe laboratory study excluded subjects with severe obesity by including only subjects with a body mass index less than 35 kg/m2.
“To eliminate the potentially confounding influence of severe obesity, only subjects with a body mass index Ͻ35 kg/m 2 were included.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationSubjects older than 50 years were further evaluated by physical examination and by rest and maximal exercise electrocardiography.
“Subjects Ͼ50 years of age were further evaluated by physical examination and by rest and maximal exercise electrocardiography ECG (3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] Gibbons, 1997, ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe 220 − age equation was determined arbitrarily from a total of 10 studies, with the highest age included being less than 65 years and the majority of subjects being 55 years old or younger.
“The age-predicted equation was determined “arbitrarily” from a total of 10 studies.The highest age included was Ͻ65 years, with the majority of subjects being Յ55 years old.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [7] Fox, 1970, The exercise stress test
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [8] Fox, 1971, Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease, Ann Clin Res source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationBecause weighted results by sample size were previously shown not to be significantly different from unweighted results, no weighting scheme was used in the present meta-analysis.
“Because we have previously shown that weighted results by sample size were not significantly different from unweighted results (6), no weighting scheme was used in the present meta-analysis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] Fitzgerald, 1997, Age-related decline in maximal aerobic capacity in regularly exercising vs. sedentary females, J Appl Physiol source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationIt has been postulated that the primary mechanism underlying the age-related reduction in HRmax is related to an age-related decline in intrinsic heart rate.
“It has been postulated that the primary mechanism is related to an age-related decline in intrinsic heart rate (i.e., independent of autonomic influences) (14,15).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
The paper relies on this without support.
Older adults demonstrate the highest prevalence of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases.
“The latter limitation is crucial in that older adults demonstrate the highest prevalence of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Older adults are often reluctant or unable to measure HRmax directly because of concerns about the physiologic stress imposed by strenuous exercise.
“Importantly, older adults are a population in which there is often a reluctance or an inability to measure HR max directly, owing to concerns related to the physiologic stress imposed by strenuous exercise.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 220 − age HRmax prediction equation is used in older adults more than in any other population.
“Thus, ironically, the 220 Ϫ age HR max prediction equation is used in this population more than in any other.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The standard deviation for error between predicted and directly-measured maximal heart rate is roughly 13 bpm.
“The standard deviation for error between predicted and directly-measured maximal heart rate is roughly 13bpm [43].”
From Resting heart rate is a population-level biomarker of cardiorespiratory fitness: The Fenland Study (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
The Discussion reports an individual standard deviation of about 10 bpm around the age-based prediction line, not roughly 13 bpm. The Results likewise give standard deviations of 7–11 bpm across ages in the laboratory study (page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.83)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe validity of the '220-age' equation has never been established in a sample that included a sufficient number of older adults.
“Moreover, the validity of this equation has never been established in a sample that included a sufficient number of older adults; accordingly, it's utility has been challenged [ 32 , 33 ].”
From Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: A clinical practice statement of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology Part II: Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, minimum and goal intensities for exercise training, prescriptive methods, and special patient populations (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
The age-associated decline in maximal heart rate is typically reported to be unaltered by exercise training, but some evidence suggests vigorous exercise can attenuate it.
“The age-associated decline in maximal heart rate is typically reported to be unaltered by exercise training,139-142 but some evidence suggests that the decline in maximal heart rate with age can be attenuated by vigorous exercise.143-145”
From Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications (2021) · cites this paper as [142]
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Kusumoto, F. M., Schoenfeld, M. H., Barrett, C., Edgerton, J. R., Ellenbogen, K. A., Gold, M. R., Goldschlager, N. F., Hamilton, R. M., Joglar, J. A., Kim, R. J., et al. (2019) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.044 · Cited by 1,008 · see citing works
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“The highest VO2 value obtained in any 10-s period was taken as V̇O2max; it was considered to be achieved by the following endpoint criteria: 1) a heart rate at maximal exercise higher than 90% of the predicted heart rate maximal for the subject’s age (26), 2) a maximal respiratory exchange ratio 1.”
MethodFihn, S. D., Gardin, J. M., Abrams, J., Berra, K., Blankenship, J. C., Dallas, A. P., Douglas, P. S., Foody, J. M., Gerber, T. C., Hinderliter, A. L., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318277d6a0 · Cited by 845 · see citing works
Joyner, M. J., & Casey, D. P. (2015) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00035.2013 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of the combined heart rate and movement sensor Actiheart
Brage, S., Brage, N., Franks, P. W., Ekelund, U., & Wareham, N. J. (2005) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602118 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
“If age-predicted MHR or predicted maximal VO2 values were surpassed during exercise, observed values were used.”
MethodInfluentialLongitudinal Modeling of the Relationship between Age and Maximal Heart Rate
GELLISH, R. L., GOSLIN, B. R., OLSON, R. E., McDONALD, A., RUSSI, G. D., & MOUDGIL, V. K. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/mss.0b013e31803349c6 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
“Most studies also have found no evidence to suggest that exercise may blunt the age-related loss in HRmax (8,15,31,33,36,37).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBrubaker, P. H., & Kitzman, D. W. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.940577 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Kusumoto, F. M., Schoenfeld, M. H., Barrett, C., Edgerton, J. R., Ellenbogen, K. A., Gold, M. R., Goldschlager, N. F., Hamilton, R. M., Joglar, J. A., Kim, R. J., et al. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000628 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Weiner, D. A., Ryan, T. J., McCabe, C. H., Kennedy, J. W., Schloss, M. G., Tristani, F. E., CHAITMAN, B. R., & Fisher, L. D. (1979) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197908023010502 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Tanaka, H., & Seals, D. R. (2007) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.141879 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
“Starting from early adulthood, maximal heart rate declines with age at a rate of ∼0.7 beats min−1 year−1 in healthy sedentary, recreationally active and endurance exercise-trained adults (Tanaka et al. 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHammami, A., Harrabi, B., Mohr, M., & Krustrup, P. (2020) · Managing Sport and Leisure · doi:10.1080/23750472.2020.1757494 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
“HRmax can be estimated as 220 minus age (Fox et al., 1971) or 208 minus 0.7 multiplied by age (Tanaka et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSmall and large animal models in cardiac contraction research: advantages and disadvantages
Milani-Nejad, N., & Janssen, P. M. L. (2014) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.10.007 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Carnethon, M. R. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.23.2981 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Pieske, B. M., Tschöpe, C., de Boer, R. A., Fraser, A. G., Anker, S. D., Donal, E., Edelmann, F., Fu, M. L. X., Guazzi, M., Lam, C. S. P., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.1741 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Stamatakis, E., Ahmadi, M. N., Gill, J. M. R., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Gibala, M. J., Doherty, A., & Hamer, M. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-02100-x · Cited by 336 · see citing works
“VO 2 max was calculated using the Ebbeling treadmill test and HRmax was calculated using the Tanaka equation 47 .”
Bhutani, S., Klempel, M. C., Kroeger, C. M., Trepanowski, J. F., & Varady, K. A. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20353 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
“7 age)] (12) and a Polar Heart Rate Monitor (Polar USA, Inc, NY).”
BackgroundSchaffarczyk, M., Rogers, B., Reer, R., & Gronwald, T. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22176536 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
“The following criteria served for the assumption of exhaustion: (A) heart rate >90% of the maximum predicted heart rate (prediction model according to [20]: 208 − (0.”
BackgroundHickey, B. A., Chalmers, T., Newton, P. J., Lin, C., Sibbritt, D. W., McLachlan, C. S., Clifton-Bligh, R. J., Morley, J. W., & Lal, S. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21103461 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
“Further, it is known that maximum HR decreases linearly with age [50], with sleep and stress levels fluctuating majorly throughout life, which further supports this relationship.”
BackgroundHerbert, C., Meixner, F., Wiebking, C., & Gilg, V. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00509 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Age‐predicted maximal heart rate in healthy subjects: The HUNT F itness S tudy
Nes, B. M., Janszky, I., Wisløff, U., Støylen, A., & Karlsen, T. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01445.x · Cited by 315 · see citing works
“The findings in the present study are in close accordance with a study by Tanaka et al. which reported the association between HRmax and age to be 208 - 0.7·age (Tanaka et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBrage, S., Ekelund, U., Brage, N., Hennings, M. A., Froberg, K., Franks, P. W., & Wareham, N. J. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00092.2006 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
“0, or if HR exceeded 90% of the agepredicted maximal HR (56).”
BackgroundHellhammer, J., & Schubert, M. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.05.012 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Beltz, N. M., Gibson, A. L., Janot, J. M., Kravitz, L. R., Mermier, C. M., & Dalleck, L. C. (2016) · Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1155/2016/3968393 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Davidson, L. E., Hudson, R., Kilpatrick, K., Kuk, J. L., McMillan, K., Janiszewski, P. M., Lee, S., Lam, M., & Ross, R. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.558 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
“Cardiorespiratory fitness (measured as oxygen consumption per unit of time [peak V̇O2]) was determined using results of a maximal treadmill test combined with standard open-circuit spirometry techniques (SensorMedics Corp, Yorba Linda, California) at baseline.(23)”
MethodAutonomic Adjustments to Exercise in Humans
Fisher, J. P., Young, C. N., & Fadel, P. J. (2015) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c140022 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Exercise Prescription for the Elderly
Mazzeo, R., & Tanaka, H. (2001) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200131110-00003 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
“[33]”
BackgroundSelf-citationPhysical inactivity: a risk factor and target for intervention in renal care
Zelle, D. M., Klaassen, G., van Adrichem, E. J., Bakker, S. J. L., Corpeleijn, E., & Navis, G. J. (2017) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/nrneph.2016.187 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Zhang, Q., Zhou, D., & Zeng, X. (2017) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2017.2707460 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
(2002) · QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Kudielka, B. M., Buske-Kirschbaum, A., Hellhammer, D. H., & Kirschbaum, C. (2004) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm1102_8 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Aguiar, A. S., de Castro, A. A., Moreira, E. L. G., Glaser, V., Santos, A. R. S., Tasca, C. I., Latini, A., & Prediger, R. D. (2011) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2011.09.005 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Raichlen, D. A., Foster, A. D., Gerdeman, G. L., Seillier, A., & Giuffrida, A. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.063677 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
“Heart rate for running speed averaged 72.5±2.54% (mean ± s.d.) of maximum heart rate and walking speed corresponded to a mean (±s.d.) of 44.6±1.25% of maximum heart rate [where maximum heart rate was calculated using the age-based equation from Tanaka et al. (Tanaka et al., 2001)].”
MethodInfluentialAging of the Respiratory System: Impact on Pulmonary Function Tests and Adaptation to Exertion
Janssens, J.-P. (2005) · Clinics in Chest Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2005.05.004 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
“90 versus age), which gives slightly higher values than the commonly used predictive equation, maximal HR= 220 age [117].”
BackgroundMethodAn introduction into autonomic nervous function
Karemaker, J. M. (2017) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/1361-6579/aa6782 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Kelly, J. O., Kilbreath, S. L., Davis, G. M., Zeman, B. D., & Raymond, J. (2003) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(03)00376-9 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Metabolic equivalent of task (METs) thresholds as an indicator of physical activity intensity
Mendes, M. D. A., Crochemore‐Silva, I., Ramires, V. V., Reichert, F. F., Martins, R. C., Ferreira, R., & Tomasi, E. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200701 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Lucotti, P., Setola, E., Monti, L. D., Galluccio, E., Costa, S., Sandoli, E. P., Fermo, I., Rabaiotti, G., Gatti, R., & Piatti, P. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00002.2006 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
“of a 6-min ergometric walking test at 85% of age-predicted HRmax (18, 32).”
MethodYates, T., Zaccardi, F., Dhalwani, N., Davies, M., Bakrania, K., Celis-Morales, C., Gill, J., Franks, P., & Khunti, K. (2017) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx449 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Munukka, E., Ahtiainen, J. P., Puigbó, P., Jalkanen, S., Pahkala, K., Keskitalo, A., Kujala, U. M., Pietilä, S., Hollmén, M., Elo, L., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02323 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
“The intensity of 30W was used at the beginning of the test, and was increased by 20W every second minute until 85% of subject’s age-predicted heart rate maximum (HRmax) (Tanaka et al., 2001) was reached.”
MethodHill, A. M., Buckley, J. D., Murphy, K. J., & Howe, P. R. C. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.5.1267 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
“Histamine (2-[4-imidazolyl]ethylamine) was discovered in 1910 by Dale and Laidlaw (20), and it was identified as a mediator of anaphylactic reactions in 1932 (21).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialJohansson, H., Norlander, K., Berglund, L., Janson, C., Malinovschi, A., Nordvall, L., Nordang, L., & Emtner, M. (2014) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-205738 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Heart Rate Response to Exercise Stress Testing in Asymptomatic Women
Gulati, M., Shaw, L. J., Thisted, R. A., Black, H. R., Merz, C. N. B., & Arnsdorf, M. F. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.939249 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
72-h Kinetics of High-Sensitive Troponin T and Inflammatory Markers after Marathon
Scherr, J., Braun, S., Schuster, T., HARTMANN, C., MOEHLENKAMP, S., Wolfarth, B., Preßler, A., & Halle, M. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31821b12eb · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Estimation of V?O2max from the ratio between HRmax and HRrest ? the Heart Rate Ratio Method
Uth, N., S�rensen, H., Overgaard, K., & Pedersen, P. K. (2003) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0988-y · Cited by 231 · see citing works
“Ageing is associated with decrements in both _ V O2max and HRmax (Tanaka et al. 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialExergaming immediately enhances children's executive function.
Best, J. R. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026648 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Automated stress detection using keystroke and linguistic features: An exploratory study
Vizer, L. M., Zhou, L., & Sears, A. (2009) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2009.07.005 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
“Each participant’s target heart rate was determined based on his or her age using the guidelines from Tanaka et al. (2001).”
MethodAssessment of Physical Fitness Aspects and Their Relationship to Firefighters' Job Abilities
Michaelides, M. A., Parpa, K., Henry, L. J., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181cc23ea · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“(29) demonstrated that Hr was strongly inversely related to age (r = 20.”
BackgroundWeiss, E. P., Racette, S. B., Villareal, D. T., Fontana, L., Steger-May, K., Schechtman, K. B., Klein, S., Ehsani, A. A., Holloszy, J. O., & Washington University School of Medicine CALERIE Group (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00853.2006 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
“7 age (19)], and 3) V̇O2 increase was 150 ml/min between the last two stages of the test.”
BackgroundHa, T., Tran, J., Liu, S., Jang, H., Jeong, H., Mitbander, R., Huh, H., Qiu, Y., Duong, J., Wang, R. L., et al. (2019) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.201900290 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Celis-Morales, C. A., Lyall, D. M., Anderson, J. J., Iliodromiti, S., Fan, Y., Ntuk, U. E., Mackay, D., Pell, J. P., Sattar, N. A., & Gill, J. M. R. (2016) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw249 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Weiler, J. M., Anderson, S. D., RANDOLPH, C. C., Bonini, S., Craig, T., Pearlman, D. S., Rundell, K. W., Silvers, W. S., Storms, W. W., Bernstein, D. I., et al. (2010) · Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.anai.2010.09.021 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Aerobic Capacity Reference Data in 3816 Healthy Men and Women 20–90 Years
Loe, H., Rognmo, Ø., Saltin, B., & Wisløff, U. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064319 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“gradient is approximately half that compared to using the 220 beats?min(21) minus age equation, which is consistent with former research [10,42,43].”
ResultPhan, T. T., Shivu, G. N., Abozguia, K., Davies, C., Nassimizadeh, M., Jimenez, D., Weaver, R., Ahmed, I., & Frenneaux, M. P. (2009) · Circulation Heart Failure · doi:10.1161/circheartfailure.109.877720 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Tsukamoto, H., Suga, T., Takenaka, S., Tanaka, D., Takeuchi, T., Hamaoka, T., Isaka, T., & Hashimoto, T. (2015) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.12.021 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Ukropcova, B., McNeil, M., Sereda, O., de Jonge, L., Xie, H., Bray, G. A., & Smith, S. R. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci24332 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
“VO2max was determined by a progressive treadmill test to exhaustion in accordance with the recommendations described by the American College of Sports Medicine (69).”
MethodReal-world heart rate norms in the Health eHeart study
Avram, R., Tison, G. H., Aschbacher, K., Kuhar, P., Vittinghoff, E., Butzner, M., Runge, R., Wu, N., Pletcher, M. J., Marcus, G. M., et al. (2019) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0134-9 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Walking cadence (steps/min) and intensity in 21–40 year olds: CADENCE-adults
Tudor-Locke, C. E., Aguiar, E. J., Han, H., Ducharme, S. W., Schuna, J. M., Barreira, T. V., Moore, C. C., Busa, M. A., Lim, J., Sirard, J. R., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-019-0769-6 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications
Pataky, M. W., Young, W. F., & Nair, K. S. (2021) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.033 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Bruijns, S. R., Guly, H. R., Bouamra, O., Lecky, F. E., & Lee, W. A. (2013) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0b013e31829246c7 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“7 times age), although both this and the equation used for this study seem to correlate well between the ages of 30 years and 50 years.(18) To keep equations simple enough for clinical use, it was felt appropriate to use the simpler, more widely used calculation (220 j age).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDose-Response Matters! - A Perspective on the Exercise Prescription in Exercise-Cognition Research
Herold, F., Müller, P., Gronwald, T., & Müller, N. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02338 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“, Karvonen formula to determine a target heart rate) (Karvonen and Vuorimaa, 1988; Tanaka et al., 2001; Gellish et al., 2007; Zhu et al., 2010; Nes et al., 2013; Shargal et al., 2015).”
BackgroundUrbanization, Physical Activity, and Metabolic Health in Sub-Saharan Africa
Assah, F. K., Ekelund, U., Brage, S., Mbanya, J. C., & Wareham, N. J. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-0990 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“During the test, HR was monitored in real time and the test was aborted if HR reached 90% of the age-predictedmaximumHR (16), if the subject could not keep up with the stepping protocol, or if they requested to stop.”
MethodCaloric restriction: powerful protection for the aging heart and vasculature
Weiss, E. P., & Fontana, L. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00685.2011 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“For example, maximal heart rate decreases very predictably with increasing age (182, 203), yet this change is not a disease itself and is not known to be involved in disease pathogenesis.”
BackgroundRoman, M. A., Rossiter, H. B., & Casaburi, R. H. (2016) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.00347-2016 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“7 beats/minute/year[101]) appears to be less severe than rate of V̇O2max decline, suggesting that decreased sinoatrial node sensitivity to β3adrenergic stimulation in older”
BackgroundThe Acute Effect of High-Intensity Exercise on Executive Function: A Meta-Analysis
Moreau, D., & Chou, E. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619850568 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“In addition, when average age was available, HRmax was estimated using the formula HRmax = 208 − (0.7 × Age) from Tanaka, Monahan, and Seals (2001).”
MethodInfluentialExercise-induced endocannabinoid signaling is modulated by intensity
Raichlen, D. A., Foster, A. D., Seillier, A., Giuffrida, A., & Gerdeman, G. L. (2013) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2495-5 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
“Age-adjusted maximum heart rate (AAMHR) was used to measure exercise intensity and was calculated following Tanaka et al. (2001).”
MethodHagins, M., Moore, W., & Rundle, A. (2007) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/1472-6882-7-40 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction update—2016
Weiler, J. M., Brannan, J. D., RANDOLPH, C. C., Hallstrand, T. S., Parsons, J. P., Silvers, W. S., Storms, W. W., Zeiger, J. S., Bernstein, D. I., Blessing-Moore, J., et al. (2016) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.05.029 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Comparison of PAEE from Combined and Separate Heart Rate and Movement Models in Children
Corder, K., Brage, S., Wareham, N. J., & Ekelund, U. (2005) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000176466.78408.cc · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Carnethon, M. R., Evans, N. S., Church, T. S., Lewis, C. E., Schreiner, P. J., Jacobs, D. R., Sternfeld, B., & Sidney, S. (2010) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.147603 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Pediatrics
Takken, T., Bongers, B. C., van Brussel, M., Haapala, E. A., & Hulzebos, E. H. J. (2017) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.201611-912fr · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“Although maximal heart rate decreases with age in adults (29), the maximal heart rate remains relatively stable, around 195 (bicycle) to 200 beats per min (treadmill) in children and adolescents (30).”
Wristband-type wearable health devices to measure construction workers' physical demands
Hwang, S., & Lee, S. H. (2017) · Automation in Construction · doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2017.06.003 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Validity of Submaximal Step Tests to Estimate Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Healthy Adults
Bennett, H., Parfitt, G., Davison, K., & Eston, R. G. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0445-1 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Ukropcova, B., Sereda, O., de Jonge, L., Bogacka, I., Nguyen, T., Xie, H., Bray, G. A., & Smith, S. R. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-0521 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was determined by a progressive treadmill test to exhaustion in accordance with the recommendations described by the American College of Sports Medicine (32).”
Backgroundde Mendonça, M. E., Simis, M., Grecco, L. A. C., Battistella, L. R., Baptista, A. F., & Fregni, F. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00068 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“Quality of life was assessed using the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire for all subscales: vitality, physical functioning, bodily pain, general health perceptions, physical role functioning, emotional role functioning, social role functioning, and mental health.”
MethodInfluentialMaillard, F., Rousset, S., Pereira, B., Traoré, A. S., Amaze, P. D. P. D., Boirie, Y., Duclos, M., & Boisseau, N. (2016) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2016.07.031 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Screen-Printed PEDOT:PSS Electrodes on Commercial Finished Textiles for Electrocardiography
Sinha, S., Noh, Y., Reljin, N., Treich, G. M., Hajeb-Mohammadalipour, S., Guo, Y., Chon, K. H., & Sotzing, G. A. (2017) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.7b09954 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Influence of skin type and wavelength on light wave reflectance
Fallow, B. A., Tarumi, T., & Tanaka, H. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing · doi:10.1007/s10877-013-9436-7 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“Indeed heart rate has been a useful and widely used index of physical exertion and intensities of effort during physical activity [10].”
BackgroundSelf-citationExercise as a buffer against difficulties with emotion regulation: A pathway to emotional wellbeing
Bernstein, E. E., & McNally, R. J. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.07.010 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Nascimento, C. M. C., Pereira, J. R., de Andrade, L. P., Garuffi, M., Pérez, C. A., Kerr, D. S., Talib, L. L., Cominetti, M. R., & Stella, F. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-140576 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“[37] for sedentary men and women.”
Metabolic Factors Limiting Performance in Marathon Runners
Rapoport, B. I. (2010) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000960 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“7 times age in years), which are supported by experiments and by meta-analysis [36].”
ResultEpidemiology of Arrhythmias and Conduction Disorders in Older Adults
Chow, G. V., Marine, J. E., & Fleg, J. L. (2012) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2012.07.003 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
The Role of Arousal in Congruity-Based Product Evaluation
Noseworthy, T. J., Muro, F. D., & Murray, K. B. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/678301 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“Given the age range in the current study, maximal heart rate was computed using the formula 220 – age (Tanaka et al. 2001).”
MethodEvaluating the Prediction of Maximal Heart Rate in Children and Adolescents
Mahon, A. D., Marjerrison, A. D., Lee, J. D., Woodruff, M. E., & Hanna, L. E. (2010) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2010.10599707 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“First, most prediction equations derived from adult participants do not factor in gender (Engels et al., 1998; Gellish et al., 2007; Londeree & Moeschberger, 1982; Tanaka et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBrawner, C. A., Ehrman, J. K., Schairer, J. R., Cao, J. J., & Keteyian, S. J. (2004) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2004.04.035 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Pollock, R. D., Carter, S., Velloso, C. P., Duggal, N. A., Lord, J. M., Lazarus, N. R., & Harridge, S. D. R. (2015) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2014.282863 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“7∗age (Tanaka et al. 2001).”
ResultInfluentialThomas, A. G., Dennis, A., Rawlings, N. B., Stagg, C. J., Matthews, L., Morris, M., Kolind, S. H., Foxley, S., Jenkinson, M., Nichols, T. E., et al. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.090 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“…estimated V ̇ O 2 max was calculated by performing a linear fit between Heart Rate (HR) and V ̇ O 2 scores during the test and projecting the V ̇ O 2 value at the participant’s age-predicted heart rate maximum (208 − 0.7 * Age, Tanaka et al., 2001; American College of Sports Medicine, 2006).”
MethodInfluentialMaintained exercise‐enhanced brain executive function related to cerebral lactate metabolism in men
Hashimoto, T., Tsukamoto, H., Takenaka, S., Olesen, N. D., Petersen, L. G., Sørensen, H., Nielsen, H. B., Secher, N. H., & Ogoh, S. (2018) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201700381rr · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Endurance performance in masters athletes
Reaburn, P. R. J., & Dascombe, B. J. (2008) · European Review of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1007/s11556-008-0029-2 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“[95] used both meta-analysis (351 studies, n=18,712) and laboratory-based maximal treadmill testing (n=514) to establish HRmax in male and female healthy sedentary, active, and endurance-trained (vigorous endurance exercise greater than or equal to three times/ week for over 1 year) individuals.”
BackgroundMethodPhysical activity patterns and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk in hunter‐gatherers
Raichlen, D. A., Pontzer, H., Harris, J. A., Mabulla, A. Z. P., Marlowe, F. W., Josh Snodgrass, J., Eick, G., Colette Berbesque, J., Sancilio, A., & Wood, B. M. (2017) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.22919 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“Maximum HR is known to decline with age (Tanaka et al., 2001), and this rate of decline, derived from Western populations, shapes the standard age-specific cut-offs for MVPA.”
BackgroundAcute Physical Activity Enhances Executive Functions in Children with ADHD
Benzing, V., Chang, Y., & Schmidt, M. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-30067-8 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Kotarsky, C. J., Johnson, N., Mahoney, S. J., Mitchell, S. L., Schimek, R. L., Stastny, S., & Hackney, K. J. (2021) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14868 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“Heart rate maximum was calculated using the Tanaka method (Tanaka et al., 2001), and heart rate reserve (HRR) was used to prescribe aerobic training intensities.”
MethodBrage, S., Westgate, K., Franks, P. W., Stegle, O., Wright, A., Ekelund, U., & Wareham, N. J. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137206 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“5 minutes or less if 90% of age-predicted maximal HR [25] was reached.”
BackgroundSimonsick, E. M., Newman, A. B., Visser, M., Goodpaster, B., Kritchevsky, S. B., Rubin, S., Nevitt, M. C., Harris, T. B., & for the Health, A. A. B. C. S. (2008) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/63.8.841 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“Heart rate was continuously monitored during testing (Polar Pacer, Model 61190; Polar Electro, Oy, Finland) and participants were stopped if: (a) their heart rate exceeded 135 beats per minute, which represents 85%–90% of the age-predicted maximum heart rate for persons aged 70–79 years (22); or (b) they experienced d…”
Running injury and stride time variability over a prolonged run
Meardon, S. A., Hamill, J., & Derrick, T. R. (2010) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.09.020 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“7 age [14].”
- Authors
- Tanaka, H., Monahan, K. D., & Seals, D. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tanaka, Hirofumi
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 153-156
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2090296913
- Semantic Scholar
- 857d95626adc70db6e64da8c5fa9060489db0262
- Cited by
- 3,775
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 249 · 2025: 277 · 2024: 304 · 2023: 240 · 2022: 295 · 2021: 262 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 259 · 2018: 246 · 2017: 189 · 2016: 182 · 2015: 174 · 2014: 178 · 2013: 149 · 2012: 107
- FWCI
- 38.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG-13038, AG 00847, AG-06537, R01AG006537)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Keywords
- maximal heart rate, heart rate prediction equations, older adults, exercise prescription, exercise testing, physical stress, physical activity behavior, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reference Values
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