Prevalence of Perinatal Depression and Anxiety in Both Parents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Importance: New and expectant parents experience perinatal mood disorders, with consequences to parenting ability, bonding with the neonate, interpersonal relationships, and health and well-being of parents. Research shows that maternal and paternal perinatal mood disorders are associated, but no recent systematic review has addressed the prevalence of perinatal mood disorders in both mothers and fathers (parental dyad). Objective: To examine the prevalence of perinatal mood disorders in parental dyads and identify factors associated with perinatal mood disorders in parental dyads. Data Sources: Ovid (MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO) and Web of Science were searched from January 1, 1990, to June 8, 2021, for observational studies reporting on the prevalence of perinatal depression or anxiety in a parental dyad. Study Selection: Studies reporting the prevalence of anxiety or depression in both members of a parental dyad were included, with diagnosis according to established criteria (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [Fifth Edition], International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision) or use of validated screening tools. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Prevalence data were extracted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Data were analyzed in subgroups: antenatal depression, early postnatal depression (0-12 weeks), late postnatal depression (3-12 months), and perinatal anxiety. Pooled prevalence was calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis model. Quality assessment was performed using Joanna Briggs Institute Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data. Data were analyzed in June 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures: Prevalence of perinatal anxiety and perinatal depression in parental dyads. Results: Twenty-three studies were included, with data from 29 286 couples. The pooled prevalence of antenatal depression in both parents was 1.72% (95% CI, 0.96%-2.48%; P < .001). The prevalence of early postnatal depression (up to 12 weeks post partum) was 2.37% (95% CI, 1.66%-3.08%; P < .001) and the prevalence of late postnatal depression (3-12 months post partum) was 3.18% (95% CI, 2.3-4.05; P < .001). Only 3 studies reported on perinatal anxiety in both parents, precluding a quantitative analysis. Conclusions and Relevance: In up to 3.18% of couples, both parents may concurrently experience perinatal depression. Perinatal health care must consider the mental health needs of parents, both as individuals and as a parental dyad. Further research is needed to examine outcomes in families where both parents experience perinatal mood disorders.
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NICU hospitalisation can lead to significant negative effects on parents, including elevated risks of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
“Parents with babies in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) experience high levels of stress, anxiety, and depression.”
From A digital Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and education intervention targeting stress of parents and caregivers with preterm babies in the neonatal intensive care unit: A randomised controlled cluster trial protocol (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
The Introduction reports anxiety and depression among new and expectant parents, supporting that general part of the citing sentence. It does not establish high levels of stress, anxiety, or depression specifically among parents of babies in the NICU; searches for NICU and neonatal hospitalisation found no such passage. The supplied paraphrase’s PTSD and causal claims are also unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIncreased psychological distress of NICU parents is associated with a wide range of short- and long-term challenges for parents and infants, including increased risk of mental health disorders, impaired parenting, and early childhood behavioural and emotional problems.
“Increased psychological distress of NICU parents is associated with a wide range of short- and long-term challenges for parents and infants, including increased risk of mental health disorders [1 -3], impaired parenting, and early childhood behavioural and emotional problems [5].”
From A digital Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and education intervention targeting stress of parents and caregivers with preterm babies in the neonatal intensive care unit: A randomised controlled cluster trial protocol (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
The Introduction reports that parental perinatal mood disorders can affect both parents, and the Results describe factors associated with depression in parental dyads. But the paper does not establish that psychological distress in NICU parents increases their risk of mental health disorders; the Discussion says the review assessed low-risk pregnancies and that the impact of pregnancy complications was beyond its scope. The citation to this source is attached to mental health disorders, not to the later claims about parenting and child behaviour. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPostnatal depression affects approximately 13% of mothers and 9% of co-parents.
“Postnatal depression affects approximately 13 % of mothers and 9 % of co-parents, with many cases going undetected and untreated, posing significant risks to women, their families, and especially their children [12 -14].”
Many cases of postnatal depression go undetected and untreated.
“Postnatal depression affects approximately 13 % of mothers and 9 % of co-parents, with many cases going undetected and untreated, posing significant risks to women, their families, and especially their children [12 -14].”
From Systematic home visit planning prior to hospital discharge: a propensity-score matched comparative cohort study of over one million mother-infant dyads with one-year follow-up (2026) · cites this paper as [14]
The Discussion’s Potential Impacts section says that up to 40% of new mothers may miss a postnatal consultation and fathers are seldom included. That does not establish that many cases of postnatal depression go undetected or untreated. Searches for those terms and for screening and treatment found no passage in our copy that addresses the claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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- Authors
- Smythe, K. L., Petersen, I., & Schartau, P.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Smythe, Kara L.
- Venue
- JAMA Network Open
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2022-06-24
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e2218969
- ISSN
- 2574-3805 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9233234
- OpenAlex
- W4283397289
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 5.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- JAMA Network Open (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Infant Health and Development
- Keywords
- perinatal depression, perinatal anxiety, antenatal depression, postpartum depression, prevalence, couples, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Parents, Pregnancy, Prevalence, Depression, Postpartum
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