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Cited by 42Diabetes Management and ResearchTelemedicine and Telehealth ImplementationDiabetes Management and Education

Comprehensive Telehealth Model to Support Diabetes Self-Management

Open access
Aleppo, Grazia, Gal, Robin L., Raghinaru, Dan, Kruger, Davida, Beck, Roy W., Bergenstal, Richard M., Cushman, Terra, Hood, Korey K. +8 more·2023·JAMA Network Open
DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.36876PMC PMC10551767
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Abstract

Importance: As the number of patients with diabetes continues to increase in the United States, novel approaches to clinical care access should be considered to meet the care needs for this population, including support for diabetes-related technology. Objective: To evaluate a virtual clinic to facilitate comprehensive diabetes care, support continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) integration into diabetes self-management, and provide behavioral health support for diabetes-related issues. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study was a prospective, single-arm, remote study involving adult participants with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who were referred through community resources. The study was conducted virtually from August 24, 2020, to May 26, 2022; analysis was conducted at the clinical coordinating center. Intervention: Training and education led by a Certified Diabetes Care and Education Specialist for CGM use through a virtual endocrinology clinic structure, which included endocrinologists and behavioral health team members. Main Outcomes and Measures: Main outcomes included CGM-measured mean glucose level, coefficient of variation, and time in range (TIR) of 70 to 180 mg/dL, time with values greater than 180 mg/dL or 250 mg/dL, and time with values less than 70 mg/dL or 54 mg/dL. Hemoglobin A 1c was measured at baseline and at 12 and 24 weeks. Results: Among the 234 participants, 160 had type 1 diabetes and 74 had type 2 diabetes. The mean (SD) age was 47 (14) years, 123 (53%) were female, and median diabetes duration was 20 years. Median (IQR) CGM use over 6 months was 96% (91%-98%) for participants with type 1 diabetes and 94% (85%-97%) for those with type 2 diabetes. Mean (SD) hemoglobin A 1c (HbA 1c) in those with type 1 diabetes decreased from 7.8% (1.6%) at baseline to 7.1% (1.0%) at 3 months and 7.1% (1.0%) at 6 months (mean change from baseline to 6 months, −0.6%, 95% CI, −0.8% to −0.5%; P < .001), with an 11% mean TIR increase over 6 months (95% CI, 9% to 14%; P < .001). Mean HbA 1c in participants with type 2 diabetes decreased from 8.1% (1.7%) at baseline to 7.1% (1.0%) at 3 months and 7.1% (0.9%) at 6 months (mean change from baseline to 6 months, −1.0%; 95% CI, −1.4% to −0.7%; P < .001), with an 18% TIR increase over 6 months (95% CI, 13% to 24%; P < .001). In participants with type 1 diabetes, mean percentage of time with values less than 70 mg/dL and less than 54 mg/dL decreased over 6 months by 0.8% (95% CI, −1.2% to −0.4%; P = .001) and by 0.3% (95% CI, −0.5% to −0.2%, P < .001), respectively. In the type 2 diabetes group, hypoglycemia was rare (mean [SD] percentage of time <70 mg/dL, 0.5% [0.6%]; and <54 mg/dL, 0.07% [0.14%], over 6 months). Conclusions and Relevance: Results from this cohort study demonstrated clinical benefits associated with implementation of a comprehensive care model that included diabetes education. This model of care has potential to reach a large portion of patients with diabetes, facilitate diabetes technology adoption, and improve glucose control.

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Authors
Aleppo, G., Gal, R. L., Raghinaru, D., Kruger, D., Beck, R. W., Bergenstal, R. M., Cushman, T., Hood, K. K., Johnson, M. L., McArthur, T., Bradshaw, A., Olson, B. A., Oser, S. M., Oser, T. K., Kollman, C., & Weinstock, R. S.
Affiliations
  • Northwestern University (US)
  • Jaeb Center for Health Research (US)
  • Henry Ford Health (US)
  • International Diabetes Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
  • Stanford Medicine (US)
  • Cecelia Health, New York, New York
  • Lagoon Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota
  • University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
  • SUNY Upstate Medical University (US)
Corresponding author
Gal, Robin L.
ORCID
Venue
JAMA Network Open
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2023-10-04
Volume
6
Issue
10
Pages
e2336876
ISSN
2574-3805 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.36876
PMC
PMC10551767
OpenAlex
W4387326165
Cited by
42
References
22
Citations by year
2026: 16 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 9
FWCI
8.54
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • JAMA Network Open (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Keywords
telemedicine, diabetes self-management, continuous glucose monitoring, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, glycemic control, HbA1c, time in range, glycemic variability, health equity, diabetes technology adoption
MeSH terms
Self-Management, Adult, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Cohort Studies, Telemedicine

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