Association of Healthful Plant-based Diet Adherence With Risk of Mortality and Major Chronic Diseases Among Adults in the UK
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Plant-based diets have gained popularity for both environmental and health reasons, but a comprehensive assessment of their quality in relation to risk of mortality and major chronic diseases is lacking. Objective: To examine whether healthful vs unhealthful plant-based dietary patterns are associated with mortality and major chronic diseases among UK adults. Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective cohort study used data from adults in the UK Biobank, a large-scale population-based study. Participants were recruited between 2006 and 2010 and followed up using record linkage data until 2021; follow-up for different outcomes ranged between 10.6 and 12.2 years. Data analysis was conducted from November 2021 to October 2022. Exposures: Adherence to a healthful vs unhealthful plant-based diet index (hPDI vs uPDI) derived from 24-hour dietary assessments. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcomes were hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs of mortality (overall and cause specific), cardiovascular disease (CVD [total, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke]), cancer (total, breast, prostate, and colorectal), and fracture (total, vertebrae, and hip) across quartiles of hPDI and uPDI adherence. Results: This study included 126 394 UK Biobank participants. They had a mean (SD) age of 56.1 (7.8) years; 70 618 (55.9%) were women. The majority of participants (115 371 [91.3%]) were White. Greater adherence to the hPDI was associated with lower risks of total mortality, cancer, and CVD, with HRs (95% CIs) of 0.84 (0.78-0.91), 0.93 (0.88-0.99), and 0.92 (0.86-0.99), respectively, for participants in the highest hPDI quartile compared with the lowest. The hPDI was also associated with lower risks of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, with HRs (95% CIs) of 0.86 (0.78-0.95) and 0.84 (0.71-0.99), respectively. By contrast, higher uPDI scores were associated with higher risks of mortality, CVD, and cancer. The associations observed did not show heterogeneity across strata of sex, smoking status, body mass index, or socioeconomic status or with polygenic risk scores (specifically with regard to CVD end points). Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this cohort study of middle-aged UK adults suggest that a diet characterized by high-quality plant-based foods and lower intakes of animal products may be beneficial for health, irrespective of established chronic disease risk factors and genetic predisposition.
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Abundant evidence from observational and intervention studies indicates that vegan diets are associated with improved cardiovascular health and decreased risk of cardiovascular disease.
“Abundant evidence from observational and intervention studies7,8,9,10,11,12,13 indicates that vegan diets are associated with improved cardiovascular health and decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, likely because of the higher daily consumption of vegetables and fruits, legumes, whole grains and nuts, and seeds compared with other different types of dietary patterns.14”
From Cardiometabolic Effects of Omnivorous vs Vegan Diets in Identical Twins: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
The Introduction (page unavailable) reports lower risks of ischemic heart disease and CVD mortality among people following vegan or vegetarian diets, and the Discussion reports lower CVD risk with healthful plant-based diets. The paper does not report intervention findings supporting the claim, and it cautions that plant-based diets are not beneficial regardless of composition. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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“The latest study from the UK explored the associations of hPDI and uPDI with risk of mortality and major chronic diseases and only found a positive association of Q2 and Q3 levels of uPDI with CRC risk [18].”
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Bai, X., Li, X., Ding, S., & Dai, D.-Q. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15173826 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Diet and multiple chronic non-communicable diseases are strongly linked [3,4].”
BackgroundUltra-processed Plant Foods: Are They Worse than their Unprocessed Animal-Based Counterparts?
Jiménez, M. D. C. F.-F., & López-Moreno, M. (2025) · Current nutrition reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-025-00704-6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“While the consumption of unprocessed or minimally processed plant foods is consistently associated with improved health outcomes compared to both animal foods and ultra-processed plant foods [6–8], the health impact of ultra-processed plant foods relative to unprocessed animal foods remains unclear.”
Lin, P.-H., Burwell, A., Giovannucci, E., Loeb, S., Chan, J. M., Tuttle, B., de Nunzio, C., Bjartell, A., Aronson, W., & Freedland, S. J. (2025) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2025.07.017 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Dean, E., Jia, X., JONES, A. Y. M., Vongsirinavarat, M., Lomi, C., Kumar, P. L., Ngeh, E. N., & Storz, M. A. (2024) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-024-01018-z · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The origins and growth of the Meatless Monday movement
Semba, R. D., Neu, P., Berg, P., Harding, J., Mckenzie, S. E., & Ramsing, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1283239 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Plant-Based Diets and Cognitive Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Bigras, C., Mazzoli, R., Laurin, D., Malavolti, M., Barbolini, G., Vinceti, M., Drouin‐Chartier, J., & Filippini, T. (2025) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100537 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The PDI indices have been studied in the context of various health outcomes [19 – 22], but their association with the cognitive function is not yet understood.”
Liang, J., Wen, Y., Yin, J., Zhu, G., & Wang, T. (2024) · npj Science of Food · doi:10.1038/s41538-024-00362-y · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“A cohort study from the UK Biobank involving 126,394 participantsfoundthatsuchdietsareassociatedwithreduced mortalityand chronic disease risk 11 .”
BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience
Mavroudis, I. A., Petridis, F. E., Kazis, D., Ionescu, C., Petroaie, A., Romila, L., Kamal, F. Z., Ciobîcă, A., Moroșan, G., Novac, B., et al. (2020) · BRAIN BROAD RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE · doi:10.18662/brain/ · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Castelnuovo, G., Pérez-Díaz-Del-Campo, N., Rosso, C., Armandi, A., Caviglia, G., & Bugianesi, E. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16132027 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“In this sense, plant-based diets (PBDs), which are rich in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, and whole grains, with less emphasis on animal and processed foods, constitute a useful and practical approach to chronic disease prevention [20].”
BackgroundDaas, M. C., Vellinga, R., Pinho, M. G., Boer, J., Verschuren, W. M. M., van der Schouw, Y., Veer, P. V. '., & Biesbroek, S. (2023) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-024-03477-w · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…foods (e.g. whole grains, vegetables, legumes, etc.) was shown to be associated with reduced incidences of cardiovascular disease and mortality rates, while individuals who consumed mostly unhealthy plant foods (e.g. sweetened beverages, fries, sweets, etc.) were at increased risk [30, 33, 35, 36].”
Diet and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer
Hull, S. C., Mszar, R., Ostfeld, R. J., Ferrucci, L. M., Mucci, L. A., Giovannucci, E. L., & Loeb, S. (2025) · JACC CardioOncology · doi:10.1016/j.jaccao.2025.07.008 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Prokisch, J., Törős, G., Nguyen, D. H. H., Neji, C., Ferroudj, A., Sári, D., Muthu, A., Brevik, E. C., & El-Ramady, H. (2024) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy14030606 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Elliott, P. S., Harrington, J. M., Millar, S., Otvos, J. D., Perry, I. J., & Phillips, C. M. (2023) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117190 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Yuan, L., Jiang, Q.-Q., Zhai, Y.-H., Zhao, Z., Liu, Y.-J., Hu, F.-Y., Qian, Y., & Sun, J.-H. (2023) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.102065 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…adults with an average age of 56.1 y showed that a high-hPDI score reduced the mortality risk by 16% (HR PDI Q4 compared with Q1 ¼ 0.84; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.91), whereas an unhealthy plant-based diet increased the mortality risk by 23% (HR uPDI Q4 compared with Q1 ¼ 1.23; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.32) [30].”
BackgroundInfluentialLiu, H.-P., Zhu, J., Gao, R., Ding, L., Yang, Y., Zhao, W.-X., Cui, X.-N., Lu, W., Wang, J., & Li, Y.-J. (2024) · Nutrix Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-024-00957-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…used baseline data of whole grain intake in their analysis (single measurement) [19, 23–26, 30, 33, 39, 25, 43–45, 48], whereas ten considered the average whole grain intake throughout the follow-up (i.e., based on multiple measurements) as the main exposure [10, 20–22, 27, 37, 38, 40–42].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSchorr, K., & Beekman, M. (2025) · The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging · doi:10.1016/j.jnha.2025.100491 · Cited by 9
“This approach has also been applied in other publications [2,3].”
Jiménez, M. D. C. F.-F. (2024) · Journal of the American Nutrition Association · doi:10.1080/27697061.2024.2406887 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Health and functional advantages of cheese containing soy protein and soybean-derived casein
Messina, M. J., & Messina, V. (2024) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1407506 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“For example, among the 126,394 participants of the UK Biobank, adherence to a healthful plant-based diet was associated with lower risks of total mortality, cancer and cardiovascular disease (Thompson et al., 2023).”
BackgroundPlant-based diets and risk of multimorbidity: The Health and Retirement Study.
Vega-Cabello, V., Hiani, M. A., Yévenes-Briones, H., Caballero, F. F., López-García, E., & Baylin, A. (2024) · Journal of NutriLife · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.037 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Yuan, F., Wen, W., Shu, X., Lipworth, L., Shrubsole, M. J., Yu, D., & Zheng, W. (2025) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.04.004 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Liu, Y.-Q., Liu, W., Yang, Y., Liu, H., Liu, J., & Liu, Y.-M. (2024) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/nbu.12720 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Antinutrients in Halophyte-Based Crops.
Ullah, A., Bano, A., & Khan, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Bioscience · doi:10.31083/j.fbl2909323 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The long-lasting consumption of plant-based food and nutrition has proven to reduce the risk of major chronic human diseases, such as myocardial infarction, major types of strokes, breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer, vertebrae and hip fractures, etc. [2,3].”
BackgroundSartorio, A., Pont, C. D., & Romano, S. L. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16101471 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…who followed a healthful plant-based diet (e.g., with lower consumption of refined grains, fruit juice, potatoes, and animal-derived products) showed CVD and total mortality risk reduction; a unhealthful-based diet was instead associated with an increased risk of CVD, mortality, and cancer [62].”
BackgroundFan, C., Wang, W., Wang, S., Zhou, W., & Ling, L. (2024) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116274 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Leydon, C. L., Harrington, J. M., Millar, S., & McCarthy, S. N. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142189 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Karavasiloglou, N., Suter, F., Thompson, A., Pestoni, G., Cassidy, A., Kühn, T., & Rohrmann, S. (2025) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.07.003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation between DASH diet and metabolic syndrome in US adults: a cross-sectional study
Liu, J., Yang, R., Ma, P., & Zhu, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1524399 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The possible reason for this could be that the Hispanic culture places great importance on family and nutrition (44).”
Are Dietary Patterns Relevant for Reducing the Risk of Fractures and Sarcopenia?
Welch, A., Scott, J., Cameron, D., & Yates, M. (2025) · Current Osteoporosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11914-024-00899-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The first—in 126,394 UK Biobank participants—found no associations between the risk of total, hip, or vertebral fractures and either healthful or unhealthful PBDs [74].”
Thompson, A. S., Tresserra‐Rimbau, A., Jennings, A., Bondonno, N. P., Candussi, C. J., O’Neill, J. K., Hill, C., Gaggl, M., Cassidy, A., & Kuhn, T. E. (2024) · Journal of the American Nutrition Association · doi:10.1080/27697061.2024.2415917 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationSchorr, K., Rodríguez‐Girondo, M., van den Berg, N., de Groot, C. P. G. M., Slagboom, P. E., & Beekman, M. (2024) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100463 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“We further excluded participants with unrealistic energy intake as described previously [17].”
Landry, M. J., Ward, C. P., Koh, L. M., & Gardner, C. D. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1381132 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Pro-Vegetarian Food Patterns and Cancer Risk among Italians from the Moli-Sani Study Cohort
Martínez, C. F., Castelnuovo, A. D., Costanzo, S., Panzera, T., Esposito, S., Cerletti, C., Donati, M., de Gaetano, G., Iacoviello, L., & Bonaccio, M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15183976 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Research examining the association of a priori -defined plant-based indices with risk of cancer (all or site specific) [18–22] or cancer death [12] is less robust and has yielded inconsistent findings.”
Johnson, S. S. (2023) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171231184527a · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In addition to compelling data on the benefits of physical activity,(15) a recent prospective cohort study involving more than 126,000 adults in the United Kingdom with outcomes measured at 10-12 years demonstrated that a healthful, plant-based diet was associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer,…”
BackgroundShah, S., Laouali, N., Mahamat‐Saleh, Y., Biessy, C., Nicolas, G., Rinaldi, S., Zamora-Ros, R., Papadimitriou, N., Berstein, F. M., Dahm, C. C., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-025-01277-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“These findings align with a case-control study showing opposite associations for hPDI and uPDI [6], but two cohort studies [9, 10] and one case-control study [11] reported no associations for uPDI.”
Role of a Whole Plant Foods Diet in Breast Cancer Prevention and Survival
Jiménez, M. D. C. F.-F. (2025) · Journal of the American Nutrition Association · doi:10.1080/27697061.2024.2442631 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zheng, Y., Wang, J.-C., Li, Y.-C., Wang, Y.-W., Suo, C., Jiang, Y.-F., Jin, L., Xu, K.-L., & Chen, X.-D. (2024) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108103 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Carey, M. T., Millar, S., Elliott, P. S., Navarro, P., Harrington, J. M., Perry, I. J., & Phillips, C. M. (2024) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-024-03399-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zheng, Y., Gao, N.-X., Li, Y.-C., Fan, M., Tian, W.-Z., Jiang, Y.-F., Wang, Y.-Z., Cui, M., Suo, C., Zhang, T.-J., et al. (2024) · Current Research in Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100687 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In recent years, the popularity of a plant-based diet has been steadily increasing due to its potential health benefits and environmental sustainability aspects (Heianza et al., 2021; J. Kim et al., 2021; Thompson et al., 2023).”
BackgroundXu, Y., Ren, Z., Cai, H., Fu, X., Quan, S., Zhang, W., Geng, Y., Tian, Q., An, C., Li, J., et al. (2025) · npj Science of Food · doi:10.1038/s41538-025-00623-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Evidencealsoindicatesthatadietcharacterizedbyhigh-quality plant-based foodsandlowerintakesofanimal productsmight beassociated with lower risks of total mortality, cancer, and cardiovascular disease (CVD), which may partly be attributed to the anti-in fl ammatory effects of plant-derived foods 13 .”
Not All Plants Are Equal: Diet Quality and Inflammation in Vegans and Vegetarians in Urban Poland
Mrozik, M., Grygorczuk, O., Lipert, A., Białas, A. J., Kamińska, S., Drygas, W., Rębowska, E., Łęgocki, S., Jegier, A., Szmigielska, K., et al. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17213361 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Analyses from the UK Biobank study also showed that adherence to the hPDI at higher levels correlated with reduced risks of total mortality, cancer, and CVD. Higher hPDI scores were linked to lower risks of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke [54].”
Soy and Isoflavones: Revisiting Their Potential Links to Breast Cancer Risk
Bennetau-Pelissero, C. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17162621 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The association between plant-based diet indices and the risk of breast cancer: a case-control study
Souni, F., Mansouri, F., Jafari, F., Sharifi, R., PourvatanDoust, S., Shateri, Z., Nouri, M., & Rashidkhani, B. (2025) · Journal of Health Population and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s41043-025-00879-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Furthermore, tea and coffee are excellent sources of antioxidants [46, 47].”
Zhai, Y.-H., Hu, F.-Y., Yuan, L., Chen, D.-F., Cao, Y., He, J., Han, X., & Xu, F. (2025) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-025-03678-x · Cited by 5
Shi, R., Mendoza-Sanchez, M., Qadir, M., & Joshi, S. (2025) · Cardiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2024.12.006 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cao, F., Wang, R., Wang, L., Li, Y.-Z., Wei, Y., Zheng, G., Nan, Y.-X., Sun, M.-H., Liu, F.-H., Xu, H.-L., et al. (2024) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116894 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Acosta, P. F. C., Landon, O. A., Ribau, Z. J., Haines, J., David, W. L., Duncan, A. M., & Study, O. B. O. T. G. F. H. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15214617 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The PDI metrics have been examined in relation to chronic disease risk in adults in various locations including North America [8,12,21,22], Europe [23,24], and Korea [10,18,25].”
BackgroundDiets for Dual Cardiovascular and Planetary Health: A Scoping Review
Peruvemba, S., Martínez, R., Sabaté, J., & Fresán, U. (2025) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-025-01344-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Previous studies have also highlighted the adverse health effects of unhealthy plant-based dietary patterns, linking them not only to increased cardiovascular risk [ 53 ], but also to many other outcomes, such as diabe - tes [ 54 ] and cancer [ 53, 55, 56 ], to name a few.”
Xiao, Z., Chen, F., Yin, Y., You, B., Wang, Y., & Sun, B. (2025) · Renal Failure · doi:10.1080/0886022x.2025.2586326 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dunk, M. M., Dove, A., Wang, J., Sakakibara, S., Carballo-Casla, A., & Xu, W.-L. (2025) · JACC: Advances · doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2025.102229 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liu, S., Zhang, L., Ge, S., Shi, J.-X., Qiu, J., Ge, X., & Fu, Q.-G. (2025) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-025-03080-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yu, Y., Cheng, Y., Cheng, N., Zhang, J., Xu, Q., Wang, Y., Zhou, W., Yan, C., Li, H., & Gong, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1567436 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Candussi, C. J., Bell, W., Thompson, A. S., Knüppel, S., Gaggl, M., Světnička, M., Gojda, J., Cassidy, A., Weikert, C., Córdova, R., et al. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-025-04045-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Previous research has shown that plant-based diets are associated with lower risks of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes [3], total cancer [4], cardiovascular disease [5] as well as all-cause mortality [6, 7].”
Self-citationTabar, M. S., Fotros, D., Hekmatdoost, A., Pashayee-Khamene, F., Karimi, S., Ahmadzadeh, S., Saberifiroozi, M., Hatami, B., & Yari, Z. (2024) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-024-03475-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bock, N., Langmann, F., Johnston, L., Ibsen, D. B., & Dahm, C. C. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16152383 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Animal-based and healthy and unhealthy plant-based food foods were grouped based on plant-based diet indices from previous studies [33–36].”
MethodDong, X.-Q., Wang, Y.-Q., Kang, Y., Zhou, X., Li, J., Cao, H., Li, Y., Li, Y., Yang, P.-T., Duan, Y.-L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.028 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yuan, F., Wang, L., Nguyen, S. M., Shu, X., Shrubsole, M. J., Wen, W., Cai, Q., Yu, D., & Zheng, W. (2025) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.101135 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Healthy plant‐based dietary pattern is associated with a lower risk of rosacea
Zhang, Y., Yang, F., Zheng, W.-R., Liu, P., Zhang, X.-M., Liu, J.-C., Gong, T.-T., Gao, S.-Y., Wu, Q.-J., & Wu, Y. (2025) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.70163 · Cited by 3
“51 52–54 The ranges, means and medians of the PDIs for the published cohort studies are presented in Table S9.”
Mahmoodi, M., Soltani, M., Nouri, M., Shateri, Z., Shoja, M., Rajabzadeh-Dehkordi, M., Nasimi, N., & Dabbaghmanesh, M. H. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25047-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ding, R., Elmadhoun, O., Chen, R., & Ji, X. (2025) · Brain Circulation · doi:10.4103/bc.bc_15_25 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“[75,76] Two prospective cohorts in Taiwan found that a vegetarian diet could decrease stroke risk, and vitamin B 12 intake may modify the association between plant-based diet and decreased stroke risk.”
Postprandial Blood Glucose-Focused Dietary Approaches and Their Limitations
Jiménez, M. D. C. F.-F. (2025) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.09.037 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Luo, Z., Feng, A., Tyurin, A., Cui, Q., Rita, K., Xie, Z.-M., Ildar, M., An, R., Chen, S.-Q., Zhang, Y.-D., et al. (2025) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-025-07620-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In the present study, total fracture was defined as those being mainly attributable to osteoporosis but not typical trauma in the face, skull, hands, and feet [21].”
Synergistic anti-glycation and antioxidant interaction among different mushroom extract combinations
Tan, K., Yong, P., & Ng, Z. X. (2025) · Foods and Raw Materials · doi:10.21603/2308-4057-2026-2-676 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pugliese, N., Deo, D. D., Soleri, M., Colapietro, F., Vettor, R., & Aghemo, A. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17101644 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Vegetarian diets emphasize the consumption of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, and whole grains, while minimizing animal products and processed foods [25,42].”
Lv, Y., Wu, M., Liu, W., Liu, K., Wang, Y., Cui, Z., Ma, Q., & Meng, H. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17071152 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“These findings were consistent with prior reports [11,15,16,20,25–29].”
Healthy Plant-Based Diet, Genetic Predisposition, and the Risk of Incident Venous Thromboembolism
Guo, J., He, Y.-Y., Suo, X.-Y., Liu, Y., Xiao, L.-L., Zhou, Y.-J., Hao, Z., Liang, R., Bo, Y.-C., Lyu, Q., et al. (2024) · JACC: Advances · doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.101318 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Development of the VEGANScreener, a Tool for a Quick Diet Quality Assessment among Vegans in Europe
Kronsteiner-Gicevic, S., Bogl, L. H., Wakolbinger, M., Müller, S., Dietrich, J., Keyzer, W. D., Bullón‐Vela, V., Selinger, E., Keller, V. D. R., Martínez-Tabar, A., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16091344 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Consumption of some plant-Nutrients based foods, such as white potatoes, refined grains, sugar-sweetened beverages, sweets and desserts, and salty snacks was associated with higher risks of major chronic diseases and mortality among non-meat eaters [35–37].”
BackgroundOncina-Cánovas, A., Collado, L. T., de la Hera, M. G., Gabucio, L. M. C., González‐Palacios, S., Signes‐Pastor, A. J., & Vioqué, J. (2024) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100239 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dietary Strategies for Alleviating Inflammation and Metabolic Disorders: A Narrative Review
Setiawan, B., & Ernawati (2023) · Calvaria Medical Journal · doi:10.30742/cmj.v1i2.23 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Following a plant-based diet has been linked to a decreased risk of cancer, death, and especially cardiovascular disease (Thompson et al., 2023).”
BackgroundSciacca, S., Giudice, A. L., Asmundo, M. G., Cimino, S., Morgia, G., Alshatwi, A. A., Cocci, A., & Russo, G. I. (2023) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635581.2023.2279240 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In contrast, a follow-up study including 126,394 from the UK Biobank reported that greater adherence to a healthy plant-based diet was associated with a 7% lower risk of any cancer but no specific association with PCa (37).”
- Authors
- Thompson, A. S., Tresserra-Rimbau, A., Karavasiloglou, N., Jennings, A., Cantwell, M., Hill, C., Perez-Cornago, A., Bondonno, N. P., Murphy, N., Rohrmann, S., Cassidy, A., & Kühn, T.
- Affiliations
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University, Belfast, United Kingdom
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Edith Cowan University (AU)
- Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Cassidy, Aedín
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA Network Open
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2023-03-28
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e234714
- ISSN
- 2574-3805 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10051114
- OpenAlex
- W4361224334
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 25
- FWCI
- 51.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- JAMA Network Open (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Australasian Journal of Paramedicine (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- World Health Organization
- Wellcome Trust
- Scottish Government
- Department for the Economy
- Cancer Research UK (29017)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- British Heart Foundation
- Northwest Regional Development Agency
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- plant-based diet, healthful plant-based diet index, unhealthful plant-based diet index, dietary habits, mortality, cardiovascular disease, cancer, fracture, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, UK Biobank, dietary adherence, UK adults, fracture risk
- MeSH terms
- Animals, United Kingdom, Myocardial Infarction, Neoplasms, Plants, Prospective Studies, Diet, Vegetarian, Cohort Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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