Late-life depression, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of late-life depression with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in a multiethnic community cohort. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cohort study was conducted in Northern Manhattan, New York, New York. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2160 community-dwelling Medicare recipients aged 65 years or older were included in the study. METHODS: Depression was assessed using the 10-item version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D) and defined by a CES-D score of 4 or more. We used logistic regression for cross-sectional association analyses and proportional hazards regression for longitudinal analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mild cognitive impairment dementia, and progression from MCI to dementia were the main outcome measures. We also used subcategories of MCI (amnestic and nonamnestic), and dementia (probable Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia, including possible Alzheimer disease with stroke). RESULTS: Baseline depression was associated with prevalent MCI (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.9) and dementia (2.2; 1.6-3.1). Baseline depression was associated with an increased risk of incident dementia (hazard ratio [HR], 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.3) but not with incident MCI (0.9; 0.7-1.2). Persons with MCI and coexisting depression at baseline had a higher risk of progression to dementia (HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.4), especially vascular dementia (4.3; 1.1-17.0), but not Alzheimer disease (1.9; 1.0-3.6). CONCLUSION: The association of depression with prevalent MCI and with progression from MCI to dementia, but not with incident MCI, suggests that depression accompanies cognitive impairment but does not precede it.
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Depression is associated with an increased risk of dementia (RR 2.25, 1.69-2.98, I2=82.8%).
“we performed a random effects meta-analysis using the seven studies with a 10 to 14-year follow-up (104-111) and found an increased risk of dementia (RR 2.25, 1.69 -2.98 I 2 = 82.8% )”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission (2024) · cites this paper as [110]
The Abstract Results and Results > Longitudinal analyses report an association between baseline depression and incident dementia (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2–2.3). The cited paper is a relevant cohort study, but it does not report the RR 2.25, confidence interval, or I²; the citing sentence identifies those as results of its own meta-analysis. The available follow-up passage also does not establish a 10–14-year follow-up for this study. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Richard, E., Reitz, C., Honig, L. H., Schupf, N., Tang, M. X., Manly, J. J., Mayeux, R., Devanand, D., & Luchsinger, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- JAMA Neurology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2013-03-01
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 383
- ISSN
- 2168-6149 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3694613
- OpenAlex
- W1997102994
- Cited by
- 389
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 17.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- JAMA Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG037212, P01AG007232, K23AG034550, P50AG008702, R01AG040093)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024156, M01RR000645)
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (P60MD000206)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- geriatric depression, mild cognitive impairment, dementia, vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease, amnestic MCI, non-amnestic MCI, older adults, community-dwelling older adults, incident dementia risk
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dementia, Depression, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Residence Characteristics, Cohort Studies, Disease Progression, Cognitive Dysfunction
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