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Age-Related Racial Disparity in Suicide Rates Among US Youths From 2001 Through 2015
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This study compares age-specific rates of suicide between black and white youths using data from the Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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“A subsequent study found suicide rates in children <13 years to be twice as high for black children as for white children during 2001-15, a finding observed in boys and girls”
From Suicide in young people: screening, risk assessment, and intervention (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“The report references research indicating that Black children ages 5–12 years old have nearly twice the rate of suicide as White youth the same age (9, 10)”
From Structural Racism and Suicide Prevention for Ethnoracially Minoritized Youth: A Conceptual Framework and Illustration Across Systems (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“which includes previous suicide attempts, the most robust clinical predictor of a future suicide attempt.14,19”
From Evidence-based youth suicide prevention and intervention in pediatric primary care settings. (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Bridge et al,14 found the suicide rate in children younger than 13 years to be roughly two times higher for Black children compared with White children.”
From Evidence-based youth suicide prevention and intervention in pediatric primary care settings. (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
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Trends of Suicidal Behaviors Among High School Students in the United States: 1991–2017
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Self-citationPrevalence and Correlates of Suicide and Nonsuicidal Self-injury in Children
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Black Youth Suicide: Investigation of Current Trends and Precipitating Circumstances
Sheftall, A., Vakil, F., Ruch, D. A., Boyd, R. C., Lindsey, M. A., & Bridge, J. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.08.021 · Cited by 206
Self-citationRisk and protective factors for childhood suicidality: a US population-based study
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Youth Suicide During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Bridge, J., Ruch, D. A., Sheftall, A., Hahm, H., O'Keefe, V., Fontanella, C. A., Brock, G., Campo, J., & Horowitz, L. (2023) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2022-058375 · Cited by 171
Self-citationDisparities in Pediatric Mental and Behavioral Health Conditions
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“For instance, AsA and Native American youth are still largely absent from the treatment outcome literature, only a handful of studies include predominantly low acculturated or immigrant youth, and serious mental health problems among ethnic minority youth are overlooked (e.g., suicidal behavior; Bridge et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSuicide in young people: screening, risk assessment, and intervention
Hughes, J. L., Horowitz, L. M., Ackerman, J. P., Adrian, M. C., Campo, J. V., & Bridge, J. A. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-070630 · Cited by 135
Self-citationAlvarez, K., Polanco-Roman, L., Samuel Breslow, A., & Molock, S. (2022) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.21101001 · Cited by 139
The Changing Characteristics of African-American Adolescent Suicides, 2001–2017
Price, J. H., & Khubchandani, J. (2019) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-019-00678-x · Cited by 141
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“…studies that have acknowledged the recent trend, have consistently provided support for acknowledging mental health outcomes as being the top risk factor for suicide ideation, suicidal behavior, and death by suicide among Black children (Bridge et al., 2018; Lindsey et al., 2019; Switzer, 2019).”
BackgroundResultThe Intergenerational Impact of Structural Racism and Cumulative Trauma on Depression
Hankerson, S. H., Moise, N., Wilson, D., Waller, B., Arnold, K. T., Duarte, C. S., Lugo-Candelas, C. I., Weissman, M. M., Wainberg, M. L., Yehuda, R., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.21101000 · Cited by 133
Pediatric Mental Health Hospitalizations at Acute Care Hospitals in the US, 2009-2019
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Ruch, D. A., Heck, K. M., Sheftall, A. H., Fontanella, C. A., Stevens, J. H., Zhu, M., Horowitz, L. M., Campo, J. V., & Bridge, J. A. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.15683 · Cited by 128
Self-citationAn Integrated Public Health Approach to Interpersonal Violence and Suicide Prevention and Response
Decker, M. R., Wilcox, H. C., Holliday, C. N., & Webster, D. W. (2018) · Public Health Reports® · doi:10.1177/0033354918800019 · Cited by 115
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“For instance, studies have shown that young people and women are more likely to engage in suicide behaviours [53,54].”
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Lawrence, H. R., Burke, T. A., Sheehan, A. E., Pastro, B., Levin, R. Y., Walsh, R. F. L., Bettis, A. H., & Liu, R. T. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01593-3 · Cited by 97
“Recent evidence suggests suicide attempts [35] and deaths by suicide [3] are increasing among Black youth, leading to calls from the NIMH for additional research on this population [5].”
BackgroundAdvancing Research in Child Suicide: A Call to Action
Ayer, L. A., Colpe, L. J., Pearson, J. L., Rooney, M. E., & Murphy, E. R. (2020) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.02.010 · Cited by 87
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“21 Researchers have also reported increased prevalence of mental health conditions in sexual minority groups.”
BackgroundBurrell, M., White, A. M., Frerichs, L., Funchess, M., Cerulli, C., DiGiovanni, L., & Lich, K. H. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113469 · Cited by 85
Suicide and Suicidal Behaviors Among Minoritized Youth
Oshin, L., Hausmann-Stabile, C., Meza, J. I., Polanco-Roman, L., Bettis, A. H., Reyes-Portillo, J., & Benton, T. D. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2022.01.002 · Cited by 80
Primary and Secondary Prevention of Youth Suicide
Horowitz, L. M., Tipton, M. V., & Pao, M. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-2056h · Cited by 79
Self-citationPolanco-Roman, L. A., Anglin, D. M., Miranda, R., & Jeglic, E. L. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01097-w · Cited by 65
“Further, Black children ages 5–12 are about twice as likely to die by suicide than their White peers (Bridge et al. 2018).”
BackgroundDysregulation and Suicide in Children and Adolescents
Benton, T. D., Muhrer, E. J., Jones, J. D., & Lewis, J. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2020.10.008 · Cited by 69
Setting a Ground Zero Research Agenda for Preventing Black Youth Suicide
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Ortega, A. (2022) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.4633 · Cited by 64
Suicide in the pediatric population: screening, risk assessment and treatment
Cwik, M. F., O’Keefe, V. M., & Haroz, E. E. (2020) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2019.1693351 · Cited by 54
Decoding Suicide Decedent Profiles and Signs of Suicidal Intent Using Latent Class Analysis
Xiao, Y., Bi, K., Yip, P. S.-F., Cerel, J., Brown, T. T., Peng, Y., Pathak, J., & Mann, J. J. (2024) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0171 · Cited by 53
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Association Between Discrimination Stress and Suicidality in Preadolescent Children
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Self-citationDifferential trends in US suicide rates, 1999–2020: Emerging racial and ethnic disparities
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Structural Racism and Adolescent Mental Health Disparities in Northern California
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“Further analyses using national data on suicide rates for persons age 5 to 17 between 2001 and 2015 revealed that the suicide rate among those younger than 13 years of age was twice as high for Black children compared with White children, and this pattern was evident for both boys and girls [71].”
MethodItzhaky, L., Davaasambuu, S., Ellis, S. P., Cisneros-Trujillo, S., Hannett, K., Scolaro, K., Stanley, B. H., Mann, J. J., Wainberg, M. L., Oquendo, M. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.094 · Cited by 33
Lee, P. H., Doyle, A. E., Silberstein, M. D., Jung, J.-Y., Liu, R. T., Perlis, R. H., Roffman, J. L., Smoller, J. W., D, M. F. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2022) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2379 · Cited by 35
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“The association between microaggressions and suicidality, as well as skin tone and suicidal behavior among low-income Black women, highlights the urgent need for future research in this area (Bridge et al., 2018; Hollingsworth et al., 2017; Perry et al., 2013).”
BackgroundA cycle of exclusion that impedes suicide research among racial and ethnic minority youth
Polanco-Roman, L. A., & Miranda, R. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12752 · Cited by 29
Health Services Use by Children in the Welfare System Who Died by Suicide
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Suicidal Mental Imagery: Investigating a Novel Marker of Suicide Risk
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“Recent evidence suggests, for example, that rates of suicide are increasing among specific demographic groups (e.g., Black youth; Bridge et al., 2018) but data are needed to determine whether individuals with different racial or ethnic identities similarly experience suicidal mental imagery.”
BackgroundPolice killings and suicide among Black Americans
Kyriopoulos, I., Vandoros, S., & Kawachi, I. I. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114964 · Cited by 30
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“…this sample included mostly White children, potentially limiting generalizability to minoritized children — an important issue, as suicide rates in Black children are increasing, 43,44 alongside evidence indicating differences in STB patterns and suicide risk factors between Black and White youth.”
BackgroundBogan, E. D., Adams‐Bass, V. N., Francis, L. A., Gaylord‐Harden, N. K., Seaton, E. K., Scott, J. C., & Williams, J. L. (2022) · Child Policy Nexus · doi:10.1002/sop2.23 · Cited by 26
“Further, as a parallel trend of increasing rates of suicide among Black youth is emerging, with Black children aged 5 to 12 being twice as likely as White children to commit suicide (Bridge et al., 2018).”
Sugg, M. M., Runkle, J. D., Andersen, L. M., & Desjardins, M. R. (2022) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.06.013 · Cited by 27
Reasons for Suicide in Black Young Adults: A Latent Class Analysis
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“Since then, however, the number of studies highlighting factors that contribute to and protect against suicide risk in Black youth has grown [4, 6, 12, 30–34].”
The potential use of CAMS for suicidal youth: building on epidemiology and clinical interventions
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“…among other racial groups are nuanced, recent data have revealed a significant age-related racial disparity among black and white youth, in which the suicide rate among youth younger than 13 years is approximately two times higher for black children compared to white children (Bridge et al., 2018).”
BackgroundVanBronkhorst, S. B., Edwards, E., Roberts, D. E., Kist, K., Evans, D. L., Mohatt, J. W., & Blankenship, K. M. (2021) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2020.0278 · Cited by 25
“Although suicide rates are higher for White compared with other racial groups in the general population, 40,41 some studies have found that among LGBTQ adults, people of color may be at higher risk of suicide than White people.”
Vidal, C., Ngo, T. L., Wilcox, H. C., Hammond, C. J., Campo, J. V., O’Donnell, E., & Ryan, L. M. (2022) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.202100608 · Cited by 23
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“Moreover, pre-adolescent children who have died by suicide are more commonly Black and male (Bridge et al., 2018; Sheftall et al., 2016), with Black pre-adolescent children significantly more likely to die by hanging, strangulation, or suffocation (considered to be among the most accessible and…”
BackgroundPreventing Youth Suicide: Potential “Crossover Effects” of Existing School-Based Programs
Ayer, L. A., Stevens, C., Reider, E. E., Sims, B. E., Colpe, L. J., & Pearson, J. L. (2022) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-022-01473-2 · Cited by 24
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Innovative Directions to Advance Mental Health Disparities Research
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The Effects of School Choice on Mental Health
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“Suicide rates differ by race (Bridge et al., 2018).”
“I See Death Around the Corner”: Black Manhood and Vulnerability in Me Against the World
Rudrow, K. J. (2019) · Journal of Black Studies · doi:10.1177/0021934719875941 · Cited by 16
“A study by Bridge et al. (2018) found that the suicide rate is 2 times higher for”
BackgroundResponding to Acute Mental Health Crises in Black Youth: Is It Safe to Call 911?
Ramasamy, R., Thompson, A. D., & Simmons, S. (2022) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-022-00980-4 · Cited by 19
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Bigdeli, T. B., Barr, P. B., Rajeevan, N., Graham, D. P., Li, Y., Meyers, J. L., Gorman, B. R., Peterson, R. E., Sayward, F. G., Radhakrishnan, K., et al. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02472-1 · Cited by 18
“Suicide rates are highest among American Indian and Alaskan Natives, followed by those who identify as Non-Hispanic White, though suicide rates are rapidly increasing among Black and African American youth [5].”
Early Age of Alcohol Initiation and its Association with Suicidal Behaviors
Ahuja, M., Awasthi, M., Records, K., & Lamichhane, R. R. (2021) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2021.1922452 · Cited by 17
Contributions of PTSD polygenic risk and environmental stress to suicidality in preadolescents
Daskalakis, N. P., Schultz, L. M., Visoki, E., Moore, T. M., Argabright, S. T., Harnett, N. G., DiDomenico, G. E., Warrier, V., Almasy, L. A., & Barzilay, R. (2021) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100411 · Cited by 17
Suicidal Behaviors Among United States Adolescents: Increasing Clinical and Public Health Challenges
Ostanin, J., Miranda, H., Shugar, S., Abdo, D., de Grubb, M. C. M., Hennekens, C. H., & Kitsantas, P. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12010057 · Cited by 15
“Informed Consent Statement: Patient consent was waived due to use public data to analysis with no direct involvement of human subjects.”
Ortin‐Peralta, A., Sheftall, A. H., Osborn, A., & Miranda, R. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.05.026 · Cited by 16
Self-citationVance, S. R., Chen, D., Garofalo, R., Glidden, D. V., Ehrensaft, D., Hidalgo, M. A., Tishelman, A. C., Rosenthal, S. M., Chan, Y.-M., Olson-Kennedy, J., et al. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.06.022 · Cited by 18
“Moreover, Black and Latine youth populations have experienced a recent, substantial increase in suicide death rates compared to White youth [14,15].”
BackgroundDouglas, R. D., Alli, J., Gaylord‐Harden, N. K., Opara, I., & Gilreath, T. D. (2024) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.13066 · Cited by 21
Johnson, K. F., Brookover, D. L., Borden, N., Worth, A. K., Temple, P., & Mahan, L. B. (2021) · Informatics for Health and Social Care · doi:10.1080/17538157.2020.1865967 · Cited by 15
Racial Disparities in Spatial and Temporal Youth Suicide Clusters
Platt, J., Pamplin, J. R., Gimbrone, C., Rutherford, C., Kandula, S., Olfson, M., Gould, M. S., Martínez-Alés, G., Shaman, J. L., & Keyes, K. M. (2022) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.12.012 · Cited by 15
Vance, M. M., Gryglewicz, K., Nam, E., Richardson, S. C., Borntrager, L. J., & Karver, M. S. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01402-7 · Cited by 14
Morris, C. A. W., Wester, K. L., Jones, C. T., & Fantahun, S. (2021) · Professional School Counseling · doi:10.1177/2156759x211011909 · Cited by 17
Intersectionality in pandemic youth suicide attempt trends
McCoy, K. E., & Kohlbeck, S. A. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12895 · Cited by 13
“As such, the findings from this study strongly support recent calls (Bridge et al., 2018; Riley, O'Reilly, & Adams, 2021; Sheftall & Miller, 2021) for greater attention to suicide risk among Black youth (Congressional Black Caucus, 2019; Mushunje & Graves, 2021).”
ResultBaiden, P., Eugene, D. R., Nicholas, J. K., Spoor, S. P., Brown, F. A., & LaBrenz, C. A. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01369-5 · Cited by 13
Epidemiology of Suicide and Suicidal Behavior in Youth
Ruch, D. A., & Bridge, J. A. (2022) · SpringerBriefs in psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06127-1_1 · Cited by 14
Self-citationFelter, J. M., Chung, H. L., Guth, A., & DiDonato, S. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-022-00910-z · Cited by 14
“Particularly alarming in recent years is that suicide rates among Black children (below age 13) have been increasing rapidly, with Black children nearly twice as likely to die by suicide than White children (Bridge et al., 2018).”
Characteristics and Circumstances of Suicide Among Children Aged 6 to 9 Years: 2006–2021
Mintz, S., Dykstra, H. K., Cornette, M. M., Wilson, R. F., Blair, J. M., Pilkey, D., & Collier, A. (2024) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2024-067043l · Cited by 14
Ammerman, B. A., Burke, T. A., O’Loughlin, C. M., & Hammond, R. (2025) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942500001x · Cited by 17
Ahuja, M., Records, K., Haeny, A. M., Gavares, E. M., & Mamudu, H. M. (2021) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/20551029211026027 · Cited by 14
“Recent trends reveal disproportionate increases in suicidal behaviors among Black youth relative to other race/ethnic groups (Bridge et al., 2018; Lindsey et al., 2019).”
BackgroundLópez‐Gil, J. F., Firth, J., & García‐Hermoso, A. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.019 · Cited by 12
Assessment of Suicide Risk and Cultural Considerations in Forcibly Displaced Migrant Youth
Diaz, A. D. (2024) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2023.05.024 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Bridge, J. A., Horowitz, L. M., Fontanella, C. A., Sheftall, A. H., Greenhouse, J., Kelleher, K. J., & Campo, J. V.
- Affiliations
- Nationwide Children's Hospital (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bridge, Jeffrey A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2018-07-01
- Volume
- 172
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 697
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- 2168-6203
- PMC
- PMC6137506
- OpenAlex
- W2803124645
- Semantic Scholar
- b91b1807ea03601f02887e1c206e530f1c6acf35
- Cited by
- 342
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 28.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH093552)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Injury Epidemiology and Prevention
- Keywords
- youth suicide, racial disparities, age-specific suicide rates, Black adolescents, White adolescents, adolescent mortality, suicide trends
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Black or African American, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Suicide, United States, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, White People, Health Status Disparities
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