Cited by 638Air Quality and Health ImpactsAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchEnvironmental Justice and Health Disparities

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Traffic-Related Air Pollution, Particulate Matter, and Autism

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Volk, Heather E., Lurmann, Fred, Penfold, Bryan, Hertz-Picciotto, Irva, McConnell, Rob·2013·JAMA Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.266PMC PMC4019010

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Abstract

CONTEXT: Autism is a heterogeneous disorder with genetic and environmental factors likely contributing to its origins. Examination of hazardous pollutants has suggested the importance of air toxics in the etiology of autism, yet little research has examined its association with local levels of air pollution using residence-specific exposure assignments. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between traffic-related air pollution, air quality, and autism. DESIGN: This population-based case-control study includes data obtained from children with autism and control children with typical development who were enrolled in the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment study in California. The mother's address from the birth certificate and addresses reported from a residential history questionnaire were used to estimate exposure for each trimester of pregnancy and first year of life. Traffic-related air pollution was assigned to each location using a line-source air-quality dispersion model. Regional air pollutant measures were based on the Environmental Protection Agency's Air Quality System data. Logistic regression models compared estimated and measured pollutant levels for children with autism and for control children with typical development. SETTING: Case-control study from California. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 279 children with autism and a total of 245 control children with typical development. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Crude and multivariable adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for autism. RESULTS: Children with autism were more likely to live at residences that had the highest quartile of exposure to traffic-related air pollution, during gestation (AOR, 1.98 [95% CI, 1.20-3.31]) and during the first year of life (AOR, 3.10 [95% CI, 1.76-5.57]), compared with control children. Regional exposure measures of nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter less than 2.5 and 10 μm in diameter (PM2.5 and PM10) were also associated with autism during gestation (exposure to nitrogen dioxide: AOR, 1.81 [95% CI, 1.37-3.09]; exposure to PM2.5: AOR, 2.08 [95% CI, 1.93-2.25]; exposure to PM10: AOR, 2.17 [95% CI, 1.49-3.16) and during the first year of life (exposure to nitrogen dioxide: AOR, 2.06 [95% CI, 1.37-3.09]; exposure to PM2.5: AOR, 2.12 [95% CI, 1.45-3.10]; exposure to PM10: AOR, 2.14 [95% CI, 1.46-3.12]). All regional pollutant estimates were scaled to twice the standard deviation of the distribution for all pregnancy estimates. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to traffic-related air pollution, nitrogen dioxide, PM2.5, and PM10 during pregnancy and during the first year of life was associated with autism. Further epidemiological and toxicological examinations of likely biological pathways will help determine whether these associations are causal.

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Authors: Volk, H. E., Lurmann, F., Penfold, B., Hertz-Picciotto, I., & McConnell, R.
Affiliations: University of Southern California (US)
Corresponding author: Volk, Heather E.
ORCID: Volk, Heather E.
Lurmann, Fred
Penfold, Bryan
McConnell, Rob
Venue: JAMA Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2013-01-01
Volume: 70
Issue: 1
Pages: 71
ISSN: 2168-622X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.266
PMC: PMC4019010
OpenAlex: W2095096359
Cited by: 638
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 22
FWCI: 27.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES011627, R21ES019002, P01ES011627, ES019002, L40 ES020599, ES015359, ES013578, R01ES015359, ES007048, P01ES011269, R01ES016535, ES11269, P30ES007048)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Environmental Justice and Health Disparities
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, traffic-related air pollution, particulate matter, PM2.5, PM10, nitrogen dioxide, prenatal exposure, early childhood exposure, residential exposure assessment, air quality, autism etiology, environmental risk factors, hazardous air pollutants
MeSH terms: Air Pollution, Autistic Disorder, California, Child, Preschool, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Nitrogen Dioxide, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Surveys and Questionnaires, Case-Control Studies, Particulate Matter

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Traffic-Related Air Pollution, Particulate Matter, and Autism

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