Cited by 638Air Quality and Health ImpactsAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchEnvironmental Justice and Health Disparities

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Traffic-Related Air Pollution, Particulate Matter, and Autism

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Volk, Heather E., Lurmann, Fred, Penfold, Bryan, Hertz-Picciotto, Irva, McConnell, Rob·2013·JAMA Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.266PMC PMC4019010

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Abstract

CONTEXT: Autism is a heterogeneous disorder with genetic and environmental factors likely contributing to its origins. Examination of hazardous pollutants has suggested the importance of air toxics in the etiology of autism, yet little research has examined its association with local levels of air pollution using residence-specific exposure assignments. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between traffic-related air pollution, air quality, and autism. DESIGN: This population-based case-control study includes data obtained from children with autism and control children with typical development who were enrolled in the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment study in California. The mother's address from the birth certificate and addresses reported from a residential history questionnaire were used to estimate exposure for each trimester of pregnancy and first year of life. Traffic-related air pollution was assigned to each location using a line-source air-quality dispersion model. Regional air pollutant measures were based on the Environmental Protection Agency's Air Quality System data. Logistic regression models compared estimated and measured pollutant levels for children with autism and for control children with typical development. SETTING: Case-control study from California. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 279 children with autism and a total of 245 control children with typical development. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Crude and multivariable adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for autism. RESULTS: Children with autism were more likely to live at residences that had the highest quartile of exposure to traffic-related air pollution, during gestation (AOR, 1.98 [95% CI, 1.20-3.31]) and during the first year of life (AOR, 3.10 [95% CI, 1.76-5.57]), compared with control children. Regional exposure measures of nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter less than 2.5 and 10 μm in diameter (PM2.5 and PM10) were also associated with autism during gestation (exposure to nitrogen dioxide: AOR, 1.81 [95% CI, 1.37-3.09]; exposure to PM2.5: AOR, 2.08 [95% CI, 1.93-2.25]; exposure to PM10: AOR, 2.17 [95% CI, 1.49-3.16) and during the first year of life (exposure to nitrogen dioxide: AOR, 2.06 [95% CI, 1.37-3.09]; exposure to PM2.5: AOR, 2.12 [95% CI, 1.45-3.10]; exposure to PM10: AOR, 2.14 [95% CI, 1.46-3.12]). All regional pollutant estimates were scaled to twice the standard deviation of the distribution for all pregnancy estimates. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to traffic-related air pollution, nitrogen dioxide, PM2.5, and PM10 during pregnancy and during the first year of life was associated with autism. Further epidemiological and toxicological examinations of likely biological pathways will help determine whether these associations are causal.

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Low-dose combined exposure of nanoparticles and heavy metal compared with PM2.5 in human myocardial AC16 cells
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“Maternal smoking Yes 24 (10) 27 (6) 47 (20) 25 (9) 41 (22) 27 (17) No 228 (90) 400 (94) 188 (80) 244 (91) 146 (78) 132 (83) Preterm Yes 37 (15) 39 (9) 37 (16) 21 (8) 37 (20) 22 (14) No 215 (85) 388 (91) 198 (84) 248 (92) 150 (80) 137 (86) SEED study site California 27 (11) 58 (14) 44 (19) 51 (19) 25 (13) 25 (16) Color…”
Evidence of susceptibility to autism risks associated with early life ambient air pollution: A systematic review
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Self-citation
Prenatal PM2.5 Exposure and Its Association with Low Birth Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Parasin, N., Amnuaylojaroen, T., & Saokaew, S. (2024) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics12070446 · Cited by 26
“For example, Toro-Heredia et al. [14] found a correlation between exposure to PM 2.5 during pregnancy and an increased risk of delivering a child with LBW. Volk et al. [19] assessed the potential influence of PM 2.5 on the growth and development of the fetus [20].”
BackgroundInfluential
The Effects of Air Pollution on Neurological Diseases: A Narrative Review on Causes and Mechanisms
Lane, M. J., Oyster, E., Luo, Y., & Wang, H. (2025) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics13030207 · Cited by 33
“Current research also highlights the significant role of pollutants such as PM, NO 2 , and DEPs in the pathogenesis of ASD [9–12].”
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“• Industrial zones and high-traffic areas are key pollution hotspots. of the lungs (Shusterman 2011), ischaemic stroke (Lisabeth et al. 2008), autism (Volk et al. 2013), and schizophrenia (Pedersen et al. 2004).”
A Unifying Theory for Autism: The Pathogenetic Triad as a Theoretical Framework
Sarovic, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.767075 · Cited by 30
Panel study using novel sensing devices to assess associations of PM2.5 with heart rate variability and exposure sources
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“Our findings are in contrast with those of Windham et al. (2006) where higher adjusted odds of ASD for children with greater exposure to cadmium via contaminated air (AOR = 1.”
Result
miR-205/IRAK2 signaling pathway is associated with urban airborne PM2.5-induced myocardial toxicity
Feng, L., Wei, J., Liang, S., Sun, Z., & Duan, J. (2020) · Nanotoxicology · doi:10.1080/17435390.2020.1813824 · Cited by 25
Effect of environmental air pollutants on placental function and pregnancy outcomes: a molecular insight
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“The results indicated that exposure to traffic-related air pollution during these critical periods could increase the risk of autism in children Volk et al. (2013) Prenatal exposure to PM2.”
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“Air Pollution A growing literature has emerged on air pollution, or proxies for it, in relation to ASD (55-61).”
Self-citation
Childhood exposure to polluted neighborhood environments and intergenerational income mobility, teenage birth, and incarceration in the USA
Manduca, R. A., & Sampson, R. J. (2021) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1007/s11111-020-00371-5 · Cited by 24
Associations between brake and tire wear-related PM2.5 metal components, particulate oxidative stress potential, and autism spectrum disorder in Southern California
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Sensor-Based Optimization Model for Air Quality Improvement in Home IoT
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Background
Is autism one or multiple disorders?
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Association between prenatal air pollutant exposure and autism spectrum disorders in young children: A matched case-control study in Canada
Murphy, M. S. Q., Abdulaziz, K. E., Lavigne, É., Erwin, E., Guo, Y., Dingwall‐Harvey, A. L. J., Stieb, D. M., Walker, M. C., Wen, S. W., & Shin, H. H. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.119706 · Cited by 23
Estimated public health benefits of a low-emission zone in Malmö, Sweden
Flanagan, E., Malmqvist, E., Gustafsson, S., & Oudin, A. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.114124 · Cited by 30
Exposure to air pollution is associated with DNA methylation changes in sperm
Schrott, R., Feinberg, J. I., Newschaffer, C. J., Hertz‐Picciotto, I., Croen, L., Fallin, M. D., Volk, H. E., Ladd‐Acosta, C., & Feinberg, A. P. (2024) · Current Zoology · doi:10.1093/eep/dvae003 · Cited by 23
Self-citation
Portable, Ambient PM2.5 Sensor for Human and/or Animal Exposure Studies
Cao, T., & Thompson, J. E. (2016) · Analytical Letters · doi:10.1080/00032719.2016.1190736 · Cited by 23
“© 2017 Taylor & Francis and autism (Volk et al. 2013; Patelarou and Kelly 2014; Puett et al. 2014; Atkinson et al. 2015).”
Environmental toxicology of bisphenol A: Mechanistic insights and clinical implications on the neuroendocrine system
Qi, T., Jing, D., Zhang, K., Shi, J., Qiu, H., Kan, C., Han, F., Wu, C., & Sun, X. (2023) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114840 · Cited by 23
MODIS aerosol optical depth retrieval based on random forest approach
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“The aerosol fine particulate matter seriously endangers human health and causes cardiovascular and respiratory diseases (Gauderman et al. 2004; Künzli et al. 2000; Gehring et al. 2002; Volk et al. 2013).”
Background
The Effect of Maternal Exposure to Air Pollutants and Heavy Metals during Pregnancy on the Risk of Neurological Disorders Using the National Health Insurance Claims Data of South Korea
Lee, K. S., Min, W. K., Choi, Y. J., Jin, S., Park, K. H., & Kim, S. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59050951 · Cited by 22
“Regarding ASD, our results on prenatal NO2 exposure are consistent with the associations reported in previous studies [43,56].”
Result
Atypical microglial response to biodiesel exhaust in healthy and hypertensive rats
Mumaw, C. L., Surace, M. J., Levesque, S., Kodavanti, U. P., Kodavanti, P. R. S., Royland, J. E., & Block, M. L. (2016) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2016.10.012 · Cited by 22
“…incidence (Bedada et al. , 2012, Wellenius et al. , 2012b), increased Autism risk (Becerra et al. , 2013, Roberts et al. , 2013, Volk et al. , 2011, Volk et al. , 2013), decreased cognitive function in the elderly (Power et al. , 2011, Power et al. , 2013, Wellenius et al. , 2012a), elevated…”
Background
Cerebral ischemic attack, epilepsy and hospital admitted patients with types of headaches attributed to PM10 mass concentration in Abadan, Iran
Radmanesh, E., Maleki, H., Goudarzi, G., Zahedi, A., Kalkhajeh, S. G., Hopke, P. K., Mard, S. A., & Olad, S. (2019) · Aeolian Research · doi:10.1016/j.aeolia.2019.100541 · Cited by 22
Low-Cost Outdoor Air Quality Monitoring and Sensor Calibration: A Survey and Critical AnalysisPreprint
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“affecting cognitive capabilities and the central nervous system [10, 11, 12].”
Background
A replicable strategy for mapping air pollution’s community-level health impacts and catalyzing prevention
Landrigan, P. J., Fisher, S., Kenny, M. E., Gedeon, B., Bryan, L., Mu, J., & Bellinger, D. (2022) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-022-00879-3 · Cited by 25
Air Pollution Reduces the Individuals’ Life Satisfaction Through Health Impairment
Ahad, M. A. A. (2024) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-024-10273-5 · Cited by 21
“To alleviate the impact of air pollution on LS, future strategies should focus on health promotion besides reducing air pollution emissions.”
Human Serum Albumin Cys34 Adducts in Newborn Dried Blood Spots: Associations With Air Pollution Exposure During Pregnancy
Funk, W. E., Montgomery, N. D., Bae, Y., Chen, J., Chow, T., Martinez, M. P., Lurmann, F. W., Eckel, S. P., McConnell, R., & Xiang, A. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.730369 · Cited by 21
Self-citation

Authors: Volk, H. E., Lurmann, F., Penfold, B., Hertz-Picciotto, I., & McConnell, R.
Affiliations: University of Southern California (US)
Corresponding author: Volk, Heather E.
ORCID: Volk, Heather E.
Lurmann, Fred
Penfold, Bryan
McConnell, Rob
Venue: JAMA Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2013-01-01
Volume: 70
Issue: 1
Pages: 71
ISSN: 2168-622X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.266
PMC: PMC4019010
OpenAlex: W2095096359
Cited by: 638
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 22
FWCI: 27.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES011627, R21ES019002, P01ES011627, ES019002, L40 ES020599, ES015359, ES013578, R01ES015359, ES007048, P01ES011269, R01ES016535, ES11269, P30ES007048)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Environmental Justice and Health Disparities
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, traffic-related air pollution, particulate matter, PM2.5, PM10, nitrogen dioxide, prenatal exposure, early childhood exposure, residential exposure assessment, air quality, autism etiology, environmental risk factors, hazardous air pollutants
MeSH terms: Air Pollution, Autistic Disorder, California, Child, Preschool, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Nitrogen Dioxide, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Surveys and Questionnaires, Case-Control Studies, Particulate Matter

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Traffic-Related Air Pollution, Particulate Matter, and Autism

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