CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 186Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentChild Nutrition and Feeding Issues

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Association of Autistic Traits With Depression From Childhood to Age 18 Years

Open access
Rai, Dheeraj, Culpin, Iryna, Heuvelman, Hein, Magnusson, Cecilia M. K., Carpenter, Peter, Jones, Hannah J., Emond, Alan M., Zammit, Stanley, Golding, Jean, Pearson, Rebecca M.·2018·JAMA Psychiatry
DOI 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.1323PMC PMC6143081
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Importance: Population-based studies following trajectories of depression in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) from childhood into early adulthood are rare. The role of genetic confounding and of potential environmental intermediaries, such as bullying, in any associations is unclear. Objectives: To compare trajectories of depressive symptoms from ages 10 to 18 years for children with or without ASD and autistic traits, to assess associations between ASD and autistic traits and an International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) depression diagnosis at age 18 years, and to explore the importance of genetic confounding and bullying. Design, Setting, and Participants: Longitudinal study of participants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort in Bristol, United Kingdom, followed up through age 18 years. Data analysis was conducted from January to November 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) at 6 time points between ages 10 and 18 years. An ICD-10 depression diagnosis at age 18 years was established using the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised. Exposures were ASD diagnosis and 4 dichotomized autistic traits (social communication, coherence, repetitive behavior, and sociability). An autism polygenic risk score was derived using the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium autism discovery genome-wide association study summary data. Bullying was assessed at ages 8, 10, and 13 years. Results: The maximum sample with complete data was 6091 for the trajectory analysis (48.8% male) and 3168 for analysis of depression diagnosis at age 18 years (44.4% male). Children with ASD and autistic traits had higher average SMFQ depressive symptom scores than the general population at age 10 years (eg, for social communication 5.55 [95% CI, 5.16-5.95] vs 3.73 [95% CI, 3.61-3.85], for ASD 7.31 [95% CI, 6.22-8.40] vs 3.94 [95% CI, 3.83-4.05], remaining elevated in an upward trajectory until age 18 years (eg, for social communication 7.65 [95% CI, 6.92-8.37] vs 6.50 [95% CI, 6.29-6.71], for ASD 7.66 [95% CI, 5.96-9.35] vs 6.62 [95% CI, 6.43-6.81]). Social communication impairments were associated with depression at age 18 years (adjusted relative risk, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.05-2.70), and bullying explained a substantial proportion of this risk. There was no evidence of confounding by the autism polygenic risk score. Analysis in larger samples using multiple imputation led to similar but more precise results. Conclusions and Relevance: Children with ASD and ASD traits have higher depressive symptom scores than the general population by age 10 years, which persist to age 18 years, particularly in the context of bullying. Social communication impairments are an important autistic trait in relation to depression. Bullying, as an environmental intermediary, could be a target for interventions.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.1323

Cites

43 of 43 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 44 references

1 of the 44 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 101–186 of 186

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Rai, D., Culpin, I., Heuvelman, H., Magnusson, C. M. K., Carpenter, P., Jones, H. J., Emond, A. M., Zammit, S., Golding, J., & Pearson, R. M.
Affiliations
  • National Health Service (GB)
  • University of Bristol (GB)
  • Karolinska Institutet (SE)
  • National Institute for Health and Care Research (GB)
Corresponding author
Rai, Dheeraj
ORCID
Venue
JAMA Psychiatry
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2018-08-01
Volume
75
Issue
8
Pages
835
ISSN
2168-622X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.1323
PMC
PMC6143081
OpenAlex
W2808175745
Cited by
185
References
44
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 4
FWCI
8.93
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
  • Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • Wellcome Trust (08426812/Z/07/Z)
  • National Institute for Health and Care Research
  • Cardiff University
  • University of Bristol
  • Karolinska Institutet
  • Medical Research Council (MR/L010305/1, MC_PC_15018)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, autistic traits, depression, depressive symptoms, bullying, genetic confounding, polygenic risk score, social communication, repetitive behavior, sociability, coherence, adolescence, early adulthood, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, mental health trajectories, birth cohort follow-up, environmental risk factors, genetic risk factors
MeSH terms
Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Child, Depression, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Risk, Psychological Distance, Social Environment, Multifactorial Inheritance, International Classification of Diseases, Genome-Wide Association Study, Bullying

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review