Creatine: Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Function

Creatine and Creatinine Metabolism

Wyss, M., & Kaddurah-Daouk, R. (2000) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1107 · Cited by 2,950

Arginine metabolism: nitric oxide and beyond

WU, G., & MORRIS, S. M. (1998) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj3360001 · Cited by 2,811

TREM2 Maintains Microglial Metabolic Fitness in Alzheimer’s Disease

Ulland, T. K., Song, W. M., Huang, S. C.-C., Ulrich, J. D., Sergushichev, A., Beatty, W. L., Loboda, A. A., Zhou, Y., Cairns, N. J., Kambal, A., et al. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.023 · Cited by 1,263

Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation

Harris, R. C., Söderlund, K., & Hultman, E. (1992) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0830367 · Cited by 1,168

Muscle creatine loading in men

Hultman, E., Soderlund, K., Timmons, J. A., Cederblad, G., & Greenhaff, P. L. (1996) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1996.81.1.232 · Cited by 822

Creatine in humans with special reference to creatine supplementation

Balsom, P. D., Söderlund, K., & Ekblom, B. (1994) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199418040-00005 · Cited by 404

Creatine ingestion favorably affects performance and muscle metabolism during maximal exercise in humans

Casey, A., Constantin-Teodosiu, D., Howell, S., Hultman, E., & Greenhaff, P. L. (1996) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1996.271.1.e31 · Cited by 343

Carbohydrate ingestion augments skeletal muscle creatine accumulation during creatine supplementation in humans

Green, A. L., Hultman, E., Macdonald, I. A., Sewell, D. A., & Greenhaff, P. L. (1996) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1996.271.5.e821 · Cited by 294

Application of Metabolomics in Alzheimer’s Disease

Wilkins, J. M., & Trushina, E. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00719 · Cited by 268

Creatine replacement therapy in guanidineoacetate methyltransferase deficiency, a novel inborn error of metabolism

Stöckler, S., Hanefeld, F., & Frahm, J. (1996) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)04116-5 · Cited by 240

Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency: the third inborn error of creatine metabolism in humans

Item, C. B., Stöckler-Ipsiroglu, S., Stromberger, C., Mühl, A., Alessandrì, M. G., Bianchi, M. C., Tosetti, M., Fornai, F., & Cioni, G. (2001) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/323765 · Cited by 233

Increase of total creatine in human brain after oral supplementation of creatine-monohydrate

Dechent, P., Pouwels, P. J. W., Wilken, B., Hanefeld, F., & Frahm, J. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.3.r698 · Cited by 221

Cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes: Clinical aspects, treatment and pathophysiology

Stockler, S., Schutz, P. W., & Salomons, G. S. (2007) · Subcellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6486-9_8 · Cited by 180

Argininosuccinate synthase: at the center of arginine metabolism.

(2011) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 176

Creatine Supplementation and Brain Health

Roschel, H., Gualano, B., Ostojic, S. M., & Rawson, E. S. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020586 · Cited by 174

Beyond muscle: The effects of creatine supplementation on brain creatine, cognitive processing, and traumatic brain injury

Dolan, E., Gualano, B., & Rawson, E. S. (2019) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1500644 · Cited by 171

Selected in-season nutritional strategies to enhance recovery for team sport athletes: a practical overview

Heaton, L. E., Davis, J. K., Rawson, E. S., Nuccio, R. P., Witard, O. C., Stein, K. W., Baar, K., Carter, J. M., & Baker, L. B. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0759-2 · Cited by 158

Effectiveness of Creatine Supplementation on Aging Muscle and Bone: Focus on Falls Prevention and Inflammation

Candow, D. G., Forbes, S. C., Chilibeck, P. D., Cornish, S. M., Antonio, J., & Kreider, R. B. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8040488 · Cited by 149

Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency: outcomes in 48 individuals and recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and monitoring

Stockler-Ipsiroglu, S., van Karnebeek, C., Longo, N., Korenke, G. C., Mercimek-Mahmutoglu, S., Marquart, I., Barshop, B., Grolik, C., Schlune, A., Angle, B., et al. (2014) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.10.018 · Cited by 145

Multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of high-energy phosphate metabolites in human brain following oral supplementation of creatine-monohydrate

Lyoo, I. K., Kong, S. W., Sung, S. M., Hirashima, F., Parow, A., Hennen, J., Cohen, B. M., & Renshaw, P. F. (2003) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(03)00046-5 · Cited by 140

Pharmacokinetics of the Dietary Supplement Creatine

Persky, A. M., Brazeau, G. A., & Hochhaus, G. (2003) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.2165/00003088-200342060-00005 · Cited by 132

Protein- and carbohydrate-induced augmentation of whole body creatine retention in humans

Steenge, G. R., Simpson, E. J., & Greenhaff, P. L. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.3.1165 · Cited by 132

CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION

Kraemer, W. J., & Volek, J. S. (1999) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70174-5 · Cited by 130

Use of creatine in the elderly and evidence for effects on cognitive function in young and old

Rawson, E. S., & Venezia, A. C. (2011) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-011-0855-9 · Cited by 127

Creatine supplementation and health variables: a retrospective study

SCHILLING, B. K., STONE, M. H., UTTER, A., KEARNEY, J. T., JOHNSON, M., COGLIANESE, R., SMITH, L., O'BRYANT, H. S., FRY, A. C., STARKS, M., et al. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200102000-00002 · Cited by 122

The nutritional biochemistry of creatine

Greenhaff, P. L. (1997) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0955-2863(97)00116-2 · Cited by 121

Potential Ergogenic Effects of Arginine and Creatine Supplementation

Paddon-Jones, D., Børsheim, E., & Wolfe, R. R. (2004) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.10.2888s · Cited by 119

Dietary creatine supplementation does not affect some haematological indices, or indices of muscle damage and hepatic and renal function

Robinson, T. M., Sewell, D. A., Casey, A., Steenge, G., & Greenhaff, P. L. (2000) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.34.4.284 · Cited by 115

Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency: New clinical features

Ganesan, V., Johnson, A., Connelly, A., Eckhardt, S., & Surtees, R. A. H. (1997) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/s0887-8994(97)00083-0 · Cited by 108

Oral creatine supplementation and skeletal muscle metabolism in physical exercise

Mesa, J. L. M., Ruiz, J. R., Gonz??lez-Gross, M. M., Guti??rrez S??inz, ?., & Castillo Garz??n, M. J. (2002) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200232140-00003 · Cited by 103

The regulation of total creatine content in a myoblast cell line

Odoom, J., Kemp, G., & Radda, G. (1996) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/bf00225844 · Cited by 101

Beyond muscles: The untapped potential of creatine

Riesberg, L. A., Weed, S. A., McDonald, T. L., Eckerson, J. M., & Drescher, K. M. (2016) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.034 · Cited by 95

Effect of creatine supplementation on phosphocreatine resynthesis, inorganic phosphate accumulation and pH during intermittent maximal exercise

Yquel, R. J., Arsac, L. M., Thiaudiere, E., Canioni, P., & Manier, G. (2002) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/026404102317366681 · Cited by 94

Creatine supplementation in women's health: a lifespan perspective

Smith-Ryan, A. E., Cabre, H. E., Eckerson, J. M., & Candow, D. G. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030877 · Cited by 92

The creatine kinase system in human skin: Protective effects of creatine against oxidative and UV damage in vitro and in vivo

Lenz, H., Schmidt, M., Welge, V., Schlattner, U., Wallimann, T., Elsässer, H.-P., Wittern, K.-P., Wenck, H., Stäb, F., & Blatt, T. (2005) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23522.x · Cited by 89

Variables Influencing the Effectiveness of Creatine Supplementation as a Therapeutic Intervention for Sarcopenia

Candow, D. G., Forbes, S. C., Chilibeck, P. D., Cornish, S. M., Antonio, J., & Kreider, R. B. (2019) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2019.00124 · Cited by 89

High-performance capillary electrophoresis-pure creatine monohydrate reduces blood lipids in men and women

Earnest, C. P., Almada, A. L., & Mitchell, T. L. (1996) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0910113 · Cited by 88

Inhibition of rate of tumor growth by creatine and cyclocreatine

Miller, E. E., Evans, A. E., & Cohn, M. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.8.3304 · Cited by 82

Acute citrulline malate supplementation improves upper- and lower-body submaximal weightlifting exercise performance in resistance-trained females

Glenn, J. M., Gray, M., Wethington, L. N., Stone, M. S., Stewart, R. W., & Moyen, N. E. (2017) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-015-1124-6 · Cited by 83

A review of creatine supplementation in age-related diseases: more than a supplement for athletes

Smith, R. N., Agharkar, A. S., & Gonzales, E. B. (2014) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.5218.1 · Cited by 82

Effect of creatine loading on anaerobic performance and skeletal muscle volume in NCAA division I athletes

Ziegenfuss, T. N., Rogers, M., Lowery, L., Mullins, N., Mendel, R., Antonio, J., & Lemon, P. (2002) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(01)00802-4 · Cited by 81

Guanidinoacetic acid as a performance-enhancing agent

Ostojic, S. M. (2016) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-015-2106-y · Cited by 71

Putting the Myth of Creatine Supplementation Leading to Muscle Cramps and Dehydration to Rest

Dalbo, V. J., Roberts, M., Kerksick, C., & Stout, J. (2008) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.042473 · Cited by 66

Longitudinal changes in total body creatine pool size and skeletal muscle mass using the D3‐creatine dilution method

Stimpson, S. A., Leonard, M. S., Clifton, L. G., Poole, J. C., Turner, S. M., Shearer, T. W., Remlinger, K. S., Clark, R. V., Hellerstein, M. K., & Evans, W. J. (2013) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1007/s13539-013-0110-1 · Cited by 59

Low-dose creatine supplementation enhances fatigue resistance in the absence of weight gain

Rawson, E. S., Stec, M. J., Frederickson, S. J., & Miles, M. P. (2011) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2010.04.001 · Cited by 58

Sarcopenia: current theories and the potential beneficial effect of creatine application strategies

Candow, D. G. (2011) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-011-9327-6 · Cited by 53

Creatine for women: a review of the relationship between creatine and the reproductive cycle and female-specific benefits of creatine therapy

Ellery, S. J., Walker, D. W., & Dickinson, H. (2016) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-016-2199-y · Cited by 39

Maternal creatine homeostasis is altered during gestation in the spiny mouse: is this a metabolic adaptation to pregnancy?

Ellery, S. J., LaRosa, D. A., Kett, M. M., Della Gatta, P. A., Snow, R. J., Walker, D. W., & Dickinson, H. (2015) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-015-0524-1 · Cited by 27

Effect of Creatine Supplementation Dosing Strategies on Aging Muscle Performance

Chami, J., & Candow, D. G. (2019) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-018-1148-8 · Cited by 27

Dietary interventions designed to protect the perinatal brain from hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy – Creatine prophylaxis and the need for multi-organ protection

Ellery, S. J., Dickinson, H., McKenzie, M., & Walker, D. W. (2016) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2015.11.002 · Cited by 23

Maternal dietary creatine supplementation does not alter the capacity for creatine synthesis in the newborn spiny mouse

Dickinson, H., Ireland, Z. J., LaRosa, D. A., O’Connell, B. A., Ellery, S., Snow, R., & Walker, D. W. (2013) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1177/1933719113477478 · Cited by 22

Efficacy of Alternative Forms of Creatine Supplementation on Improving Performance and Body Composition in Healthy Subjects: A Systematic Review

Fazio, C., Elder, C. L., & Harris, M. M. (2022) · Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003873 · Cited by 20

The Physiological Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Hydration: A Review

Sobolewski, E. J., Thompson, B. J., Smith, A. E., & Ryan, E. D. (2011) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827611406071 · Cited by 16

Effect of creatine malate supplementation on physical performance, body composition and selected hormone levels in spinters and long-distance runners

Tyka, A. K., Chwastowski, M., Cison, T., Palka, T., Tyka, A., Szygula, Z., Pilch, W., Strzala, M., & Cepero, M. (2015) · Acta Physiologica Hungarica · doi:10.1556/aphysiol.102.2015.1.12 · Cited by 9