Biology and Commercial Aspects of Haematococcus pluvialis
Abstract
Mass culture of Haematococcus pluvialis is commercially available and astaxanthin derived from H. pluvialis is used as a nutraceutical for human health and as a coloring agent for aquaculture. However, the Haematococcus industry has achieved only moderate success due to low astaxanthin productivity and the high production cost associated with the current mass culture systems and processes. This chapter provides the current understanding of biology of H. pluvialis from molecular, cellular, and physiological aspects with an emphasis on the pathway for and physiological role of astaxanthin synthesis in response to photooxidative stress. Several major biological and environmental factors that affect growth and astaxanthin production are identified, of which fungal contamination is the most detrimental factor that is largely responsible for low astaxanthin production and frequent culture crashes. Future expansion of the Haematococcus industry will depend on significant improvement in our knowledge about the biology of Haematococcus and predator–prey interaction, and transformation of the knowledge into a next-generation mass culture system and process including an advanced Haematococcus crop protection program.
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The US-FDA already approved Haematococcus pluvialis for use as a colour enhancer in salmonids and shrimp feed.
“The US-FDA already approved Haematococcus pluvialis for use as a colour enhancer in salmonids and shrimp feed (Han et al., 2013).”
From Potential of microalgae as a sustainable feed ingredient for aquaculture (2021) · cites this paper as Han et al., 2013
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Qiu, B., & Li, Y. (2006) · Phycologia · doi:10.2216/04-99.1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
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Potential of microalgae as a sustainable feed ingredient for aquaculture
Nagappan, S., Das, P., AbdulQuadir, M., Thaher, M., Khan, S., Mahata, C., Al-Jabri, H., Vatland, A. K., & Kumar, G. (2021) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.09.003 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Recent advances in biorefinery of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis
Khoo, K. S., Lee, S. Y., Ooi, C. W., Fu, X., Miao, X., Ling, T. C., & Show, P. L. (2019) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121606 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Some promising microalgal species for commercial applications: a review.
Mobin, S., & Alam, F. (2017) · Energy Procedia · doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.177 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Parasites in algae mass culture
Carney, L. T., & Lane, T. W. (2014) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00278 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Industry chain and challenges of microalgal food industry-a review
Chen, Y., Liang, H., Du, H., Jesumani, V., He, W., Cheong, K.-L., Li, T., & Hong, T. (2024) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2145455 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
- Authors
- Han, D., Li, Y., & Hu, Q.
- Affiliations
- Arizona State University (US)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Venue
- Handbook of Microalgal Culture
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-04-12
- Pages
- 388-405
- OpenAlex
- W1493412561
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 121
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
- Keywords
- Haematococcus pluvialis, astaxanthin production, astaxanthin biosynthesis, photooxidative stress, mass culture, fungal contamination, predator-prey interactions, nutraceuticals, production costs, crop protection
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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