The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Netnography
Abstract
Netnography is a specific approach to conducting ethnography on the internet. It is a qualitative, interpretive research methodology that adapts traditional ethnographic techniques to the study of social media. As discussed in this entry, Netnography adds specific practices that include locating communities and topics, narrowing data, handling large digital datasets, analyzing digitally contextualized data, and navigating difficult online ethical matters and research procedures. The nature of researcher immersion and ethnographic (or “netnographic”) participation is also treated rigorously within netnography. The new approach has gained wide acceptance within business research and is spreading to other fields.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Online netnographic activities followed the guidelines of Kozinets (2015) and were interrelated with the ethnography.”
From Lateral Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy (2018) · cites this paper as Kozinets (2015)
Citations
Cites
The Interpretation of Cultures
Fenn, R. K., & Geertz, C. (1974) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1384392 · Cited by 19,241
The Field behind the Screen: Using Netnography for Marketing Research in Online Communities
Kozinets, R. V. (2002) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.39.1.61.18935 · Cited by 4,311
Self-citationHine, C. (2000) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9780857020277 · Cited by 2,436
Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online
O’Donohoe, S. (2010) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.2501/s026504871020118x · Cited by 1,999
Murthy, D. (2008) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/0038038508094565 · Cited by 868
Tedlock, B. (1991) · Journal of Anthropological Research · doi:10.1086/jar.47.1.3630581 · Cited by 841
Zwick, D., Bonsu, S. K., & Darmody, A. (2008) · Journal of Consumer Culture · doi:10.1177/1469540508090089 · Cited by 769
Sensitive research topics: netnography revisited
Langer, R., & Beckman, S. C. (2005) · Qualitative Market Research An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13522750510592454 · Cited by 633
Ethnographic Approaches to Digital Media
Coleman, E. G. (2010) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.104945 · Cited by 620
Ethnographic Approaches to the Internet and Computer-Mediated Communication
Garcia, A. C., Standlee, A. I., Bechkoff, J. R., & Yan, C. (2008) · Journal of Contemporary Ethnography · doi:10.1177/0891241607310839 · Cited by 543
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 637
Lehner‐Mear, R. (2019) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645579.2019.1634879 · Cited by 26
Online Group Student Peer-Communication as an Element of Open Education
Bylieva, D. S., Bekiroğulları, Z., Kuznetsov, D., Almazova, N. I., Lobatyuk, V. V., & Rubtsova, A. V. (2020) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi12090143 · Cited by 26
Re‐ordering Motherhood and Employment: Mobilizing ‘Mums Everywhere’ during Covid‐19
Ashman, R., Radcliffe, L. S., Patterson, A., & Gatrell, C. J. (2022) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12630 · Cited by 26
A discourse analysis of pilgrimage reviews
van Laer, T., & Izberk‐Bilgin, E. (2018) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2018.1550434 · Cited by 24
Wei, M., & Bunjun, B. (2020) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2020.1806907 · Cited by 28
From the self to the screen: a journey guide for auto-netnography in online communities
Villegas, D. (2018) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2018.1443970 · Cited by 26
Misogyny and the construction of toxic masculinity in the Spanish Manosphere (Burbuja.info)
Lacalle, C., Gómez-Morales, B., & Vicent-Ibáñez, M. (2023) · El Profesional de la información · doi:10.3145/epi.2023.mar.15 · Cited by 25
#Knowyourworth: How influencers commercialise meaningful work
Trittin‐Ulbrich, H., & Glozer, S. (2024) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/00187267231220260 · Cited by 24
Reconciling big data and thick data to advance the new urban science and smart city governance
Hong, A., Baker, L., Prieto-Curiel, R., Duminy, J., Buswala, B., Guan, C., & Ravindranath, D. (2022) · Journal of Urban Affairs · doi:10.1080/07352166.2021.2021085 · Cited by 27
Entrepreneurial practices and the constitution of environmental value for sustainability
Gregori, P., & Holzmann, P. (2022) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3077 · Cited by 23
Teacher collaboration network in Higher Education: reflective visions from praxis
Fontanillas, T. R., Catasús, M. G., & Sangrà, A. (2015) · Innovations in Education and Teaching International · doi:10.1080/14703297.2015.1025807 · Cited by 23
Frugal innovation and digital effectuation for development: the case of Lucia
Khanal, P. B., Aubert, B. A., Bernard, J.-G., Narasimhamurthy, R., & Dé, R. (2021) · Information Technology for Development · doi:10.1080/02681102.2021.1920874 · Cited by 22
Brothers and broken dreams: Men, masculinity, and emotions in platform capitalism
Dinh, T. T. Q., & Tienari, J. (2021) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12786 · Cited by 23
Mieruch, Y., & McFarlane, D. (2022) · VOLUNTAS International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations · doi:10.1007/s11266-022-00547-7 · Cited by 22
Motherhood in migration: schools as acculturation agents
Gaviria, P. X. R., Cardoso, F., Scaraboto, D., & Gil, L. D. A. (2018) · Consumption Markets & Culture · doi:10.1080/10253866.2018.1512245 · Cited by 22
Participation from above and below: Brand community and the contestation of cultural participation
Yeritsian, G. (2018) · Journal of Consumer Culture · doi:10.1177/1469540518787576 · Cited by 21
The practice of household waste minimisation
Bissmont, M. (2020) · Environmental Sociology · doi:10.1080/23251042.2020.1792264 · Cited by 18
Lawless, M., Hunter, S. C., de Plaza, M. A. P., Archibald, M. M., & Kitson, A. A. (2022) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323221124979 · Cited by 23
Collective empowerment in online communities: conceptualization, scale refinement, and validation
Nguyen, L. T. V., Conduit, J., Lu, V. N., & Hill, S. R. (2020) · The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/10696679.2020.1758568 · Cited by 22
The Value of Consistency: Portfolio Labeling Strategies and Impact on Winery Brand Equity
Dreßler, M., & Paunović, I. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13031400 · Cited by 21
Me-search? Search me! A new twist in the tale of introspection
Brown, S. W., III, & Patterson, A. (2021) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2021.1928268 · Cited by 20
Ekelund, R. (2022) · Memory Studies · doi:10.1177/17506980221094517 · Cited by 20
Eudaimonia: The sociocultural value of consumers’ social labor
Biraghi, S., Dalli, D., & Gambetti, R. C. (2020) · Marketing Theory · doi:10.1177/1470593120972754 · Cited by 20
Crisis Management of the Anti-quota Student Movement in Bangladesh: Governance Capacity in Misery
Mahmud, R. (2025) · Journal of Developing Societies · doi:10.1177/0169796x251344338 · Cited by 19
Humorous interaction, language learning, and social media
Chik, A. (2019) · World Englishes · doi:10.1111/weng.12443 · Cited by 21
Inclusion of the excluded: Consumers’ quest for hedonism in food consumption
Schneider‐Kamp, A. (2020) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12612 · Cited by 19
Revitalization of Food in Sweden—A Closer Look at the REKO Network
Gruvaeus, A., & Dahlin, J. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su131810471 · Cited by 19
Sthapit, E., Stone, M. J., & Björk, P. (2022) · International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration · doi:10.1080/15256480.2022.2092249 · Cited by 25
Wehnert, P., Kollwitz, C., Daiberl, C. F., Dinter, B., & Beckmann, M. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10103710 · Cited by 20
How to Frame Destination Foodscapes? A Perspective of Mixed Food Experience
Zhu, D., Wang, J., Wang, P., & Xu, H. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11121706 · Cited by 22
Huang, B., Cadwell, P., & Sasamoto, R. (2023) · The Translator · doi:10.1080/13556509.2023.2188700 · Cited by 18
Netnography: A novel methodology for nursing research
Smith, S. E., Sivertsen, N., Lines, L. E., & Bellis, A. D. (2023) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15798 · Cited by 21
How metaphors matter: an ethnography of blockchain-based re-descriptions of the world
Faustino, S. (2019) · Journal of Cultural Economy · doi:10.1080/17530350.2019.1629330 · Cited by 21
Local political leadership: from managerial performances to leaders-hip hop on social media?
Sancino, A. (2021) · International Journal of Public Leadership · doi:10.1108/ijpl-01-2021-0001 · Cited by 22
Wallace, R., Costello, L. N., & Devine, A. (2018) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/1609406918797796 · Cited by 18
Diabetes Identity: A Mechanism of Social Change
Walker, H., & Litchman, M. L. (2021) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732320984740 · Cited by 17
Skinner, H., Williams-Burnett, N. J., & Fallon, J. M. (2021) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.2499 · Cited by 19
Lévy-Guillain, R., Sponton, A., & Wicky, L. (2023) · Revue Française de Sociologie · doi:10.3917/rfs.632.0311 · Cited by 17
Bray, N. (2018) · Written Communication · doi:10.1177/0741088318804822 · Cited by 16
The ethno/graphic novel: alternative shapes of knowledge and hyper-intensity in consumer research
O’Sullivan, S. R., & Kozinets, R. V. (2019) · Consumption Markets & Culture · doi:10.1080/10253866.2019.1649255 · Cited by 17
Self-citationThe multi-actor perspective of engagement on social media
Shawky, S., Kubacki, K., Dietrich, T., & Weaven, S. K. (2021) · International Journal of Market Research · doi:10.1177/14707853211024472 · Cited by 17
Xu, X., Wang, X. L., & Kim, B. (2025) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875251322515 · Cited by 17
Negotiating place through food and drink: Experiencing home and away
Bezzola, T., & Lugosi, P. (2018) · Tourist Studies · doi:10.1177/1468797618791125 · Cited by 16
‘Did queer Muslims even exist?’ – racialised grids of intelligibility in Swedish LGBTQ contexts
Kehl, K. (2019) · Social Identities · doi:10.1080/13504630.2019.1671183 · Cited by 23
Leaderlessness in social movements: Advancing space, symbols, and spectacle as modes of “Leadership”
Keshtiban, A., Callahan, J. L., & Harris, M. (2021) · Human Resource Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/hrdq.21460 · Cited by 16
Tsimicalis, A., Gasse, M., Morand, M., & Rauch, F. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10081451 · Cited by 16
Velasco, S. Á. (2022) · IMISCOE research series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11061-0_3 · Cited by 19
Soini, A., & Eräranta, K. (2022) · Organization · doi:10.1177/13505084221115833 · Cited by 18
Using internet data sources to achieve qualitative interviewing purposes: a research note
Lynch, M., & Mah, C. L. (2017) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/1468794117731510 · Cited by 17
Suicide Motives and Protective Factors - Contributions from a Hikikomori Discussion Board
Haasio, A., & Salminen-Tuomaala, M. H. (2020) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2020.1817209 · Cited by 22
Tzovaras, B. G., Hidalgo, E. S., Alexiou, K., Baldy, L., Morane, B., Bussod, I., Fribourg, M., Wac, K., Wolf, G., & Ball, M. P. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/28116 · Cited by 19
Fluidity of places in everyday food consumption: Introducing snackscapes
Syrjälä, H., Luomala, H., & Autio, M. (2017) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12389 · Cited by 22
Mpofu, P. (2021) · Journal of Asian and African Studies · doi:10.1177/00219096211049176 · Cited by 15
Muslim Instagram: Eternal Youthfulness and Cultivating Deen
Hasan, F. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13070658 · Cited by 15
No filter: navigating well-being in troubled times as social media influencers
Levesque, N., Hachey, A., & Pergelova, A. (2023) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2023.2218858 · Cited by 21
Gamified cryptocurrency and rewards: Consumer behaviour during uncertain earnings
Ahsan, Z. B., & Gupta, A. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.2291 · Cited by 16
García-Quismondo, M. Á. M., & Vivarelli, M. (2024) · JLIS it · doi:10.36253/jlis.it-566 · Cited by 15
Affordances-driven ethics for research on mobile instant messaging: Notes from the Global South
Hidalgo, N. H., dos Santos, M. L. B., & Barbosa, S. (2024) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/20501579241247994 · Cited by 20
The pursuit of uniqueness and craving for freedom: the meaning of luxury in the age of access
Özbölük, T. (2020) · Leisure Studies · doi:10.1080/02614367.2020.1831045 · Cited by 15
Boundaries, Roles and Identities in an Online Organization
Bange, S., Järventie-Thesleff, R., & Tienari, J. (2020) · Journal of Management Inquiry · doi:10.1177/1056492620968913 · Cited by 16
It’s time to act! Understanding online resistance against tourism development projects
Wegerer, P. K., & Nadegger, M. (2020) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2020.1853761 · Cited by 15
The intermingling of meanings in marketing: semiology and phenomenology in consumer culture theory
Grace, S. C. (2021) · AMS Review · doi:10.1007/s13162-021-00192-1 · Cited by 22
Researching Transnational Gangs as Agents of Mediation in the Digital Era
Fernández-Planells, A., García, J. S., Oliver, M. A., & Feixa, C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-47214-6_3 · Cited by 15
Yellow‐sticker shopping as competent, creative consumption
Kelsey, S., Morris, C., & Crewe, L. (2018) · Area · doi:10.1111/area.12435 · Cited by 13
Reinforcing Political Inequality Through Diversity Initiatives: A Field-Level Perspective
Sadeh, L. J., & Mair, J. (2023) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063231163579 · Cited by 15
Honing the Craft of Qualitative Data Collection in Extreme Contexts
Sharma, P. N., Toubiana, M., Lashley, K., Massa, F. G., Rogers, K. M., & Ruebottom, T. (2023) · Journal of Management Inquiry · doi:10.1177/10564926231194271 · Cited by 18
Karhapää, A., Hämäläinen, R., & Pöysä‐Tarhonen, J. (2023) · Studies in Continuing Education · doi:10.1080/0158037x.2023.2274596 · Cited by 14
Hamdonah, Z., & Joseph, J. (2024) · Media Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/01634437241228735 · Cited by 14
Consuming abjection: an examination of death and disgust in the black metal scene
Podoshen, J. S., Andrzejewski, S. A., Wallin, J. J., & Venkatesh, V. (2017) · Consumption Markets & Culture · doi:10.1080/10253866.2017.1345240 · Cited by 14
Svenson, F. (2018) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2018.1464495 · Cited by 14
Aesthetic Work as Cultural Competence: Chasing Beauty in the Coproduction of Aesthetic Services
Vlahos, A., Hartman, A. E., & Ozanne, J. L. (2021) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/10946705211047983 · Cited by 16
Hansen, M., Kavanagh, E. J., Anderson, E., Parry, K., & Cleland, J. A. (2022) · Sport in Society · doi:10.1080/17430437.2022.2028774 · Cited by 14
Alavesa, P., & Xu, Y. (2020) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2020.1825810 · Cited by 15
Castillo-de-Mesa, J., Méndez-Domínguez, P., Carbonero-Muñoz, D., & Gómez-Jacinto, L. (2021) · Redes. Revista hispana para el análisis de redes sociales · doi:10.5565/rev/redes.913 · Cited by 13
Mapanga, A., & Faleni, N. (2025) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-025-00798-8 · Cited by 13
Nethnography , complementing Netnography: a defensible praxis for the online researcher
MacCarthy, M. (2022) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2022.2120384 · Cited by 13
E-Learning and a Case Study of Coursera and edX Online Platforms
Likovič, A., & Rojko, K. (2022) · Research in social change · doi:10.2478/rsc-2022-0008 · Cited by 13
Quang, T. D., Tran, N. M. P., Sthapit, E., & Garrod, B. (2024) · International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration · doi:10.1080/15256480.2024.2350005 · Cited by 22
Market demand for metaverse-based sporting events: a mixed-methods approach
Chen, S. S., & Zhang, J. J. (2024) · Sport Management Review · doi:10.1080/14413523.2024.2401640 · Cited by 13
Whore! Affect, sexualized aggression and resistance in young social media users’ interaction
Sylwander, K. R., & Gottzén, L. (2019) · Sexualities · doi:10.1177/1363460719872727 · Cited by 13
‘Who cares if you're poz right now?’: Barebackers, HIV and COVID‐19
García-Iglesias, J., & Ledin, C. (2021) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.13369 · Cited by 13
A Mapping Review of Netnography in Nursing
Salzmann‐Erikson, M., & Eriksson, H. (2023) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323231173794 · Cited by 13
The prosumer economy and the sex industry: the creation of an online community of sex prosumers
Lahav-Raz, Y. (2019) · Journal of Cultural Economy · doi:10.1080/17530350.2019.1646159 · Cited by 13
Toward auto-netnography in consumer studies
Coombes, P. H., & Jones, S. C. (2020) · International Journal of Market Research · doi:10.1177/1470785320923502 · Cited by 15
Organ, A. (2022) · Language Learning Journal · doi:10.1080/09571736.2021.2023896 · Cited by 17
Holocaust heritage digilantism on Instagram
Wight, C., & Stanley, P. (2022) · Tourism Recreation Research · doi:10.1080/02508281.2022.2153994 · Cited by 12
Shaar, N., Alshraideh, M., Al-Shboul, L., & AlDajani, I. M. (2023) · Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1080/0952813x.2023.2165716 · Cited by 12
Ooko, G. A. (2023) · Journalism and Media · doi:10.3390/journalmedia4020032 · Cited by 12
Researching hard-to-reach populations: lessons learned from dispersed migrant communities
Falcão, R., Cruz, E., Costa, M., & Elo, M. (2023) · International journal of sociology and social policy · doi:10.1108/ijssp-06-2023-0134 · Cited by 5
Moving from coproduction to commonization of digital public goods and services
Shulz, S. (2024) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.13795 · Cited by 12
The construction of hegemonic masculinity and misogyny by Turkish Incels on YouTube
Uzun, B., & Tiryaki, S. (2024) · Gender Technology and Development · doi:10.1080/09718524.2024.2393988 · Cited by 12
Social Connectivity, Sentiment and Participation on Twitter during COVID-19
Castro-Martínez, A., Méndez-Domínguez, P., Valcárcel, A. S., & de Mesa, J. C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168390 · Cited by 13
More than a solo method: Netnography’s capacity to enhance offline research methods
Wu, D. (2021) · Area · doi:10.1111/area.12750 · Cited by 12
Fırat, A. T. A. (2023) · TRT Akademi · doi:10.37679/trta.1271366 · Cited by 12
‘Capturing the shining moments’: performing liminoid Seichi Junrei on social media
Tan, Y. (2023) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2023.2218604 · Cited by 12
The complex cohort: a netnographic review of generation Y backpackers
Canavan, B. (2018) · Leisure Studies · doi:10.1080/02614367.2017.1347699 · Cited by 12
A Netnographic Approach: Views on Assisted Dying for Individuals With Dementia
Dehkhoda, A., Owens, R. G., & Malpas, P. J. (2020) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732320925795 · Cited by 12
The Value of Netnography for Research in HRD
Discetti, R., & Anderson, V. A. (2022) · Human Resource Development Review · doi:10.1177/15344843221137506 · Cited by 17
Zine infrastructures as forms of organizing within feminist social movements
Matich, M., Parsons, E., & Ashman, R. (2023) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12970 · Cited by 13
How consumer-initiated platforms shape family and consumption
Ottlewski, L., Rokka, J., & Schouten, J. W. (2023) · Marketing Theory · doi:10.1177/14705931231201780 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Kozinets, R. V.
- Affiliations
- York University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Kozinets, Robert V.
- ORCID
- Kozinets, Robert V.
- Venue
- The International Encyclopedia of Digital Communication and Society
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-02-11
- Pages
- 1-8
- OpenAlex
- W4248042616
- Cited by
- 635
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 80 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 1
- Type
- reference entry
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The International Encyclopedia of Digital Communication and Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Focus Groups and Qualitative Methods
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Digital Marketing and Social Media
- Keywords
- netnography, digital ethnography, social media research, online communities, researcher immersion, online research ethics, digital data analysis, business research methods
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review