Lateral Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy

May combine two claims.

Prior studies of peer-to-peer markets have focused only on particular manifestations such as access-based consumption or collaborative consumption, leaving little knowledge about the breadth and diversity of the general phenomenon or how generalizable conclusions from one type of consumption are to other types.

“Because only particular manifestations of these markets, such as those involving access-based consumption or collaborative consumption, have been studied, we still know very little about the breadth and diversity of the general phenomenon or about how generalizable conclusions gained studying one type of consumption might apply to other types.”

• cites Bardhi and Eckhardt (2012, p. 881) sourceSupported
• cites Benoit et al. (2017, 219) sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Benoit et al.'s classification of Uber as a Matchmaker accords with the authors' typing of Uber as a Matchmaker, but the authors' findings contradict Benoit et al.'s generalization that the value for all platforms in all forms of collaborative consumption lies solely in matchmaking.

“Their classification accords perfectly with our typing of Uber as a Matchmaker.”

• Also stated in: § Revealing the Different Types of LEMs · plain

  “Our findings contradict their generalization.”

• cites Benoit et al. 2017 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

After two years in business, thredUP as an Enabler had three major problems: the site needed additional monitoring because leaving quality and value assessments to sellers led to uneven offerings, trading entire boxes of used clothing was unwieldy, and the commission structure was unprofitable.

“First, the site needed additional monitoring-leaving quality and value assessments in the hands of sellers led to a very uneven offering.”

• Also stated in: § Enabler Cases · plain

  “Second, the requirement of trading entire boxes of used clothing was unwieldy.”

• Also stated in: § Enabler Cases · plain

  “Finally, the commission structure was proving to be unprofitable.”

May combine two claims.

Much of the controversy surrounding Craigslist comes from unintended side effects of its consocial affordances, which actors have used to promote services such as prostitution and which have been linked to 101 murders.

“However, much of the controversy surrounding Craigslist comes from the unintended side effects of its consocial affordances, which actors have used to promote services such as prostitution and which have been linked to 101 murders (Dewey 2016).”

• cites Dewey 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Matchmakers mediate the service flow between providers and beneficiary actors and are characterized by high platform intermediation and high consociality.

“Matchmakers mediate the service flow between providers and beneficiary actors (actor ← LEM firm → actor) and are characterized by high platform intermediation as well as high levels of consociality.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although LEMs provide opportunities for social behaviors, the enactment of those behaviors is optional and may not occur.

“Whatever the format, it is noteworthy that although the LEM provides opportunities for social behaviors, the enactment of those behaviors is optional and may not occur.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Forums are LEM configurations that facilitate the flow of services directly between actors, providing low platform intermediation and high consociality.

“Forums are LEM configurations that facilitate the flow of services directly between actors (actor ↔ actor), providing low platform intermediation and high consociality.”

May combine two claims.

Rules of conduct on Craigslist are mostly implicit, and interview informants related numerous uncertainties about the norms governing exchange, which is typical for the Forum configuration.

“Rules of conduct are mostly implicit.”

• Also stated in: § Forum Cases · plain

  “In recounting their exchange experiences on Craigslist, our interview informants related numerous uncertainties about the norms governing the exchange”

• Also stated in: § Forum Cases · plain

  “However, this level of ambiguity is typical for the Forum configuration.”

May combine two claims.

Kickstarter is a successful and influential crowdfunding platform for creative projects, funding over 100,000 projects with more than $2 billion pledged, and its decentralized system provides a template that standardizes project promotion and educates creators through a Creative Handbook.

“This firm has been successful and influential, funding over 100,000 projects with more than $2 billion pledged (Kickstarter 2017).”

• Also stated in: § Enabler Cases · plain

  “However, Kickstarter's platform provides a template for project creations that standardizes the creative project's promotion.”

• Also stated in: § Enabler Cases · plain

  “Kickstarter offers a “Creative Handbook” as a guide to educate creators about the best practices to produce videos and create sponsor rewards as well as how to design, manage, and advertise their projects.”

• cites Kickstarter 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Mitra and Gilbert's research suggests that skillful use of language is an important element on Kickstarter, with the use of socially charged phrases predicting significantly greater funding success.

“Although Kickstarter may be low in copresence, Mitra and Gilbert's (2014) research suggests that skillful use of language is an important element, with the use of socially charged phrases predicting significantly greater funding success.”

• cites Mitra and Gilbert's (2014)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Forum LEM type is distinguished from other LEM types by having the most social user experience, wherein individual actors organize many aspects of their exchange.

“The Forum LEM type is distinguished from the other types by having the most social user experience, wherein individual actors organize many aspects of their exchange.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Craigslist is a well-known bulletin board site that typifies the Forum LEM configuration and has been plagued by safety and trust concerns.

“Craigslist is a well-known bulletin board site that typifies the Forum LEM configuration.”

• Also stated in: § Forum Cases · plain

  “Craigslist is one of the longest-running LEMs, but it has been plagued by safety and trust concerns.”

May combine two claims.

Enablers lower search costs as well as decision costs, such as resources expended evaluating terms and assessing expected performance.

“Enablers such as Poshmark lower search costs as well as decision costs, such as resources expended evaluating terms and assessing expected performance.”

May combine two claims.

Enablers are configured to help individual actors provide services to other actors, with relatively low platform intermediation and low consociality.

“Enablers are configured to help individual actors provide services to other actors (LEM firm → actor → actor).They have relatively low levels of platform intermediation (i.e., they minimize use of their technology platform to coordinate the transaction) and low levels of consociality.”

May combine two claims.

Craigslist relies on high levels of consociality to mitigate trust concerns and encourages network actors to deal locally with people they can meet in person.

“Craigslist relies on high levels of consociality to mitigate trust concerns and encourages network actors to “deal locally with folks you can meet in person-follow this one rule and avoid 99% of scam attempts””

May combine two claims.

Hubs act as the central point in the exchange, resulting in two discrete and bidirectional flows between platform provider and actors, combining high platform intermediation with low consociality.

“Hubs act as the central point in the exchange, resulting in two discrete and bidirectional flows between platform provider and actors (actor ↔ LEM firm ↔ actor).Combining high platform intermediation with low consociality, this configuration hides the service flow between equivalent actors behind its own platform.”

May combine two claims.

Matchmakers combine technology and sociality in sophisticated ways, decrease search costs, simplify decisions, locate superior matches, and deploy platforms alongside institutional arrangements to intermediate exchanges.

“Matchmakers combine technology and sociality in sophisticated ways.”

• Also stated in: § Matchmaker Cases · plain

  “Their systems decrease search costs, simplify decisions, and locate matches that are superior to the ones actors could achieve on their own.”

• Also stated in: § Matchmaker Cases · plain

  “In addition, Matchmaker LEMs deploy platforms alongside institutional arrangements to intermediate exchanges.”

May combine two claims.

The Hub is characterized by a uniform service experience similar to a conventional marketplace, integrates resources from different actors, serves as a central place to enact exchanges, and provides assurances against risk such as creating a marketplace, lowering search costs, offering product guarantees, monitoring actors, and ensuring exchanges transpire as planned.

“The Hub is characterized by a uniform service experience similar to that found in a conventional marketplace.”

• Also stated in: § Hub Cases · plain

  “As with retail consignment, Hubs integrate resources from different actors and serve as a central place to enact exchanges.”

• Also stated in: § Hub Cases · plain

  “Hubs provide network actors with many assurances against risk: they create a marketplace, lower search costs, offer product guarantees, monitor actors, and ensure that the exchange transpires as planned.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

TaskRabbit has raised $38 million in venture financing, employs 60 people, is available in 24 markets, and is not yet profitable.

“TaskRabbit has raised $38 million in venture financing, employs 60 people, is available in 24 markets, and “is not yet profitable” (Stangel 2017).”

• cites Stangel 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Many existing companies are entering LEMs as complementary businesses.

“In addition, many existing companies are entering LEMs as complementary businesses.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Lateral exchange markets are technologically intermediated exchanges between the members of a network of buyers and sellers, not limited to access-based, sharing-based exchange or amateur peer activities, and not characterized by a monadic approach to exchange.

“Lateral exchange markets are not limited to the consumption of access-based, sharing-based exchange or the amateur-based activities of peers; nor are they characterized by a monadic approach to exchange.”

• Also stated in: § Understanding LEMs · plain

  “These widespread and influential activities are technologically intermediated exchanges between the members of a network of buyers and sellers.”

May combine two claims.

Shedding its Matchmaker form and adopting the form of an Enabler, Skillshare transitioned to an online-only platform and successfully delivered online and video courses, attracting 75,000 new students in its first year online and later reaching 3 million enrollments from over 180 countries.

“Shedding its Matchmaker skin and adopting the form of an Enabler, Skillshare transitioned to an online-only platform and began successfully delivering online and video courses.”

• Also stated in: § Matchmaker Cases · plain

  “In its first year online, the company attracted 75,000 new students, who provided $1.5 million in compensation to its online teachers (Griffith 2013).”

• Also stated in: § Matchmaker Cases · plain

  “Three years later, the company had 40 full-time employees and boasted 3 million enrollments from over 180 countries (Noto 2016).”

• cites Griffith 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Noto 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Many companies assure actors that they will not be paired again with other actors to whom they have given a low rating.

“Many companies assure actors that they will not be paired again with other actors to whom they have given a low rating.”

May combine two claims.

TaskRabbit exhibits high platform intermediation and deploys institutional assurances, yet pairs actors in a situation of copresence.

“Although exhibiting a high degree of platform intermediation and deploying institutional assurances, Matchmakers such as TaskRabbit pair actors in a situation of copresence.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Uber's ostensibly legitimate heuristics allegedly cheated its drivers of millions of dollars through system programming that rounded fees to the nearest dollar in the company's favor.

“For example, Uber's ostensibly legitimate heuristics allegedly cheated its drivers of millions of dollars through system programming that rounded fees to the nearest dollar in the company's favor (Newcomer 2017).”

• cites Newcomer 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Prior studies have been limited in scope and unable to compare different types of markets, so understanding of the underlying characteristics and relative effectiveness of different forms of peer-to-peer markets is very limited.

“Third, because prior studies have been limited in scope, they have been unable to compare different types of markets.Thus, we have very limited understanding about the underlying characteristics and relative effectiveness of different forms of peer-to-peer markets.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Personal meetings for the purpose of exchange entail heightened personal risk.

“However, personal meetings for the purpose of exchange entail heightened personal risk.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

As intermediaries, LEM firms offer two potential benefits: they create the market and lower transaction costs.

“As intermediaries, LEM firms offer two potential benefits: they create the market and lower transaction costs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

During multiple rounds over six years, the authors returned to field sites to investigate, gather additional details, seek nuance, and find disconfirming evidence.

“During the multiple rounds of combined ethnographic data collection and analysis over the six years of the project, we returned to our field sites to investigate, gather additional details, seek nuance, and find disconfirming evidence.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Each LEM type represents a specific configuration of a service ecosystem.

“Each LEM type represents a specific configuration of a service ecosystem (Vargo, Wieland, and Akaka 2015).”

• cites Vargo, Wieland, and Akaka 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Lateral exchange markets are a new form born of the potential of contemporary digital technology to coordinate and monetize networks.

“Lateral exchange markets are a new form born of the potential of contemporary digital technology to coordinate and monetize networks.”

May combine two claims.

Zimride struggled for several years because it failed to operate coherently as an LEM Forum, having both high intermediation and low intermediation, fostering mistrust by offering copresence to the general public while failing to properly vet riders and drivers, and therefore could not sufficiently monetize its value-adding connections.

“Zimride struggled for several years because it failed to operate coherently as an LEM Forum.”

• Also stated in: § Forum Cases · plain

  “It had created an LEM company that had both high intermediation (payment processing and oversight) as well as low intermediation (cash payments and minimal oversight).”

• Also stated in: § Forum Cases · plain

  “As a result, the company could not sufficiently monetize the value-adding connections it enabled.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The core value proposition of a Matchmaker LEM comes from providing a pairing of exchange actors.

“The core value proposition of a Matchmaker LEM comes from providing a pairing of exchange actors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Platform intermediation plays an important role in mitigating duplicity, incentivizing trustworthy behavior, and inspiring trust in the exchange.

“Platform intermediation therefore plays an important role in mitigating duplicity, incentivizing trustworthy behavior, and inspiring trust in the exchange.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: LEM buyers and sellers usually have no prior experience with one another.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The authors' procedure is in keeping with accepted principles of mainstream qualitative data analysis and interpretation.

“Our procedure is in keeping with accepted principles of mainstream qualitative data analysis and interpretation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The authors systematically compared case data and emergent framework until the theoretical position was internally consistent and externally able to accommodate new entries and novel events.

“We systematically compared case data and emergent framework until our theoretical position was both internally consistent and externally able to accommodate both new entries to the industry and novel events occurring in a constantly changing empirical field.”

May combine two claims.

The technological elements of LEMs create new forms of social connection and experience and thus new types of social operant resources.

“The technological elements of LEMs, which bring people together to create value, also create new forms of social connection and experience and, thus, new types of social operant resources.”

May combine two claims.

The two dimensions of platform intermediation and consociality effectively classify and explain the general principles behind LEMs.

“These two dimensions serve to effectively classify and explain the general principles behind LEMs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Online netnographic activities followed the guidelines of Kozinets (2015) and were interrelated with the ethnography.

“Online netnographic activities followed the guidelines of Kozinets (2015) and were interrelated with the ethnography.”

• cites Kozinets (2015) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The increasingly knowledge-based economy is leading to hybrid market forms that differ in fundamental ways from market forms of the past.

“Our approach builds on Adler's (2001) important insight that the increasingly knowledge-based economy is leading to hybrid market forms that differ in fundamental ways from market forms of the past.”

• cites Adler's (2001) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Complex social relationships embed value creation in any market.

“Complex social relationships embed value creation in any market (Lusch and Vargo 2014;Vargo, Wieland, and Akaka 2015).”

• cites Lusch and Vargo 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Vargo, Wieland, and Akaka 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The authors sought negative cases and revised or abandoned theoretical notions based on whether they fit.

“We sought negative cases and revised or abandoned theoretical notions on the basis of whether they fit.”

May combine two claims.

Because their technology platforms combine social actors into various exchange-related configurations, LEMs do not fall neatly into existing categories but create new legal categories and institutional practices.

“Because their technology platforms combine social actors into various exchange-related configurations, LEMs do not fall neatly into existing categories but create new legal categories and institutional practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The findings benefit from the contextual richness of the ethnographic method to demonstrate and organize the empirical complexity of LEMs.

“Our findings benefit from the contextual richness of our ethnographic method to demonstrate and organize the empirical complexity of LEMs.”

May combine two claims.

Novel social situations in LEMs are social but also instrumental, commodified, opportunistic, intermediated, and ephemeral.

“These novel situations are social, but they are also instrumental, commodified, opportunistic, intermediated, and ephemeral.”

May combine two claims.

Consociality is constrained on Kickstarter, but social presence remains salient, and a type of para-social interaction develops similar to the one-sided attachment felt between fans and celebrities.

“Although avenues for more extensive interaction between actors are available, a type of “para-social interaction” (Horton and Wohl 1956) develops, similar to the one-sided attachment felt between fans and celebrities.”

• cites Horton and Wohl 1956 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Matchmakers provide their greatest source of value by appropriately pairing network actors.

“They provide their greatest source of value by appropriately pairing network actors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Hubs must operate in an LEM business environment devoid of the attractive, humanizing, and trust-inspiring benefits of copresence.

“Hubs must operate in an LEM business environment devoid of the attractive, humanizing, and trustinspiring benefits of copresence.”

May combine two claims.

Homejoy treated its cleaners like employees and grew rapidly, but it faced three major Hub challenges-quality control, legal disputes over independent contractor status, and retention problems from opportunism of copresence-and ceased operations in July 2015.

“Although they were lateral network actors, Homejoy's cleaners were treated like employees; the platform charged customers for their services just as if it were any other cleaning service.”

• Also stated in: § Hub Cases · plain

  “Homejoy faced three major challenges common to the Hub form.”

• Also stated in: § Hub Cases · plain

  “Homejoy's quality control, legal, and opportunism challenges sunk the company.It ceased operations in July 2015.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The sharing economy literature connects peer exchange with utopian themes, casting its market forms in a generally positive, sometimes idyllic, light.

“The sharing economy literature (Belk 2014) connects peer exchange with utopian themes, casting its market forms in a generally positive, sometimes idyllic, light (Arnould and Rose 2016).”

• cites Belk 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Arnould and Rose 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Acting as an intermediary, the platform provider offers the two potential benefits of creating the marketplace and lowering various transaction costs.

“Acting as an intermediary, the platform provider offers the two potential benefits of creating the marketplace and lowering various transaction costs.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Acting as a social space, the platform offers the opportunity to communicate, personalize, and negotiate.

“Acting as a social space, the platform offers the opportunity to communicate, personalize, and negotiate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Depending on the industry, copresence elements may be important sources of value for actors.

“Depending on the industry, these elements may be important sources of value for actors.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Across all empirical LEM cases, the need to instill and manage trust was strongly evident, and technology platforms and institutional arrangements such as third-party verification, liability insurance, and money-back guarantees are important to creating the trust required for this new form of exchange to gain social acceptance.

“Across all of our empirical LEM cases, the need to instill and manage trust was strongly evident.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Enablers can minimize transaction risks by placing actors within a networking platform that allows them to broadcast a personal message that inspires interest and trust in other actors.

“Enablers can minimize transaction risks by placing actors within a networking platform that allows them to broadcast a personal message that inspires interest and trust in other actors.”

May combine two claims.

The model indicates that Zipcar is a Hub type, an LEM that deliberately inhibits consociality among actors and instead confers trust through strong platform intermediation.

“Our model indicates that Zipcar is a Hub type, an LEM that deliberately inhibits consociality among actors and instead confers trust through strong platform intermediation.”

May combine two claims.

Although all LEMs create value by bringing actors together, not all of them must use platforms with sophisticated algorithms or perform complex optimization tasks; Forum types rely on social connection for coordination and optimization, whereas Enabler LEMs equip actors to sell to one another.

“For example, although it is true that all LEMs create value by bringing actors together, not all of them must use platforms with sophisticated algorithms, or perform complex optimization tasks.”

• Also stated in: § Revealing the Different Types of LEMs · plain

  “Craigslist, Freecycle, and other Forum types rely on social connection between actors for these coordination and optimization tasks, whereas Enabler LEMs such as Yerdle and 99Dresses perform them by equipping actors to sell to one another.”

May combine two claims.

Lending Club's fiscal responsibilities and high need for exchange assurance enable it to provide a platform that handles every element of the exchange, renders personal identities invisible, and severely limits consociality.

“Lending Club's fiscal responsibilities and high need for exchange assurance enable it to provide a platform that handles every element of the exchange, renders personal identities invisible, and severely limits consociality.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

It is the platform itself that actors will trust in Hubs.

“It is the platform itself that actors will trust, so the Hub would be wise to invest in its technology and branding.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: From a network actor's perspective in Hubs, all other network actors are interchangeable.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Forums reduce search costs and provide their greatest customer value by facilitating connections.

“Forums reduce search costs and provide their greatest customer value by facilitating connections.”

May combine two claims.

Skillshare failed as a Matchmaker because its high consociality was not accompanied by corresponding safeguards, customers were concerned about safety, logistics for face-to-face classes were difficult and expensive, and competitors such as Udemy were replacing in-person classes with distance learning video technology.

“First, the high consociality of the offering was not accompanied by corresponding safeguards.”

• Also stated in: § Matchmaker Cases · plain

  “Second, the logistics required to arrange face-to-face classes and teaching were difficult and expensive.”

• Also stated in: § Matchmaker Cases · plain

  “Finally, Skillshare's market competitors, such as Udemy, were effectively replacing in-person classes with distance learning video technology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Forums are most effective when they facilitate a free flow of messages.

“Although it might be tempting to try to usurp control of between-actor communications or to filter them through the company, our model suggests that Forums are most effective when they facilitate a free flow of messages.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

These LEM types each face particular transaction risks that require managers to balance network actors' trust in the transaction with the risks that actors, once connected, will no longer need them.

“In addition, these types each face particular transaction risks that will require managers to balance network actors' trust in the transaction with the risks that actors, once connected, will no longer need them.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Actors, once connected through an LEM, will no longer need the platform.

May combine two claims.

The eight empirical examples illustrate the diversity of LEMs and demonstrate how sociality and platform intermediation work in concert with institutional attempts to legitimate the company to provide either effective or ineffective solutions to governance and trust issues.

“These eight empirical examples-Homejoy, Quirky, Skillshare, TaskRabbit, thredUP, Kickstarter, Zimride, and Craigslist-illustrate the diversity of LEMs.”

• Also stated in: § Hub Cases · boosted

  “They also demonstrate how the underlying dimensions of sociality and platform intermediation work in concert with institutional attempts to legitimate the company to provide either effective or ineffective solutions to governance and trust issues.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The eight selected LEM cases are sufficiently representative of the LEM population to support a general typology.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The success or failure of the case companies can be attributed to their LEM configuration and trust management rather than other unobserved factors.

May combine two claims.

Quirky's high platform intermediation strategy caused it to struggle with production and retail distribution costs, and it failed to properly attract high-quality inventors looking for a stable system.

“The financial commitments required by Quirky's high platform intermediation strategy caused the company to struggle with production and retail distribution costs (Martin 2015).”

• Also stated in: § Hub Cases · plain

  “The company also failed to properly attract highquality inventors who were looking for a stable system on which to develop and profit from their new product ideas.”

• cites Martin 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Hubs' core value proposition lies in the centralized exchanges they generate through their direct service interaction with network actors.

“Their core value proposition lies in the centralized exchanges they generate through their direct service interaction with network actors.”

May combine two claims.

By minimizing sociality, Quirky limited participants' abilities to collaborate, and anonymizing participation constrained its ability to attract talented inventors; these social elements were added too late, and Quirky filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in September 2015.

“By minimizing sociality, Quirky limited participants' abilities to collaborate.”

• Also stated in: § Hub Cases · plain

  “Anonymizing participation constrained the site's ability to attract talented inventors.”

• Also stated in: § Hub Cases · plain

  “However, these social elements were added too late.The company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in September 2015.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Network actors will be particularly attracted to the Hub's platform.

“Network actors will be particularly attracted to the Hub's platform.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In some industries, the optimal performance of network actors may require collaboration or the acknowledgment of rare talent.

“In some industries, the optimal performance of network actors may require collaboration or the acknowledgment of rare talent.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tools for many value-creating practices can be programmed into the software interface of the platform.

“Tools for many of these practices can be programmed into the software interface of the platform.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Matchmakers lower monitoring costs, simplify search, and facilitate better decision making for actors.

“Matchmakers lower monitoring costs, simplify search, and facilitate better decision making for actors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Enablers provide value by lowering search costs and making it easier for actors to decide to transact.

“Enablers provide value by lowering search costs and making it easier for actors to decide to transact.”

May combine two claims.

Actors' trust in LEMs' technology platforms is often based on a normative belief in the legitimacy of their algorithms or faith in algorithms in a general sense.

“Actors' trust in LEMs' technology platforms is often similarly based on a normative belief in the legitimacy of their algorithms-or perhaps faith in algorithms in a general sense (O'Neil 2016).”

• cites O'Neil 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The multibarreled approach to trust is crucial for Matchmakers because, although network actors connect through the matchmaker's platform, most exchanges are finalized offline.

“The multibarreled approach to trust is crucial because, although network actors connect through the matchmaker's platform, most exchanges are finalized offline.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The platform would then simplify, standardize, and encourage actors to use these value-creating tools and practices.

“The platform would then simplify, standardize, and encourage actors to use these value-creating tools and practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

With an enabler LEM such as Kickstarter, a predetermined format for the online exchange provides a degree of consistency but also allows actors to improvise and display their individuality.

“With an enabler LEM such as Kickstarter, a predetermined format for the online exchange provides a degree of consistency but also allows actors to improvise and display their individuality.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

We know very little about how the sharing economy actually operates.

“its relative newness means that we know very little about how it actually operates.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The sharing economy has grown rapidly and been the beneficiary of significant public attention over the past few years.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The next major task of a Forum-to help manage actors' transaction risks-flows directly from this high degree of freedom.

“The next major task of a Forum-to help manage actors' transaction risks-flows directly from this high degree of freedom.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Institutional norms are still in flux regarding this new form of business, necessitating governance with additional assurances such as insurance and guarantees.

“Institutional norms are still in flux regarding this new form of business, necessitating governance with additional assurances such as insurance and guarantees.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Hubs lower the costs associated with search, decision making, monitoring, and exchange enforcement.

“Hubs lower the costs associated with search, decision making, monitoring, and exchange enforcement.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

LEMs must build legitimacy and trust to achieve success.

“Uber's scandals (Newcomer 2017) and Homejoy's problems are not atypical issues for LEMs, whose new forms are transforming the world of business but must build legitimacy and trust to achieve success.”