The DOI matches its Crossref record; 259 of the 259 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Development of Achievement Motivation and Engagement
Abstract
In this chapter we review the research on the development of children's motivation and engagement. We organize our review into four major sections: the development of children's achievement motivation; gender, cultural, and ethnic differences in children's motivation; socialization of motivation in the family; and socialization of motivation in school. We take a social‐cognitive expectancy‐value theoretical perspective to organize our discussion of this work. We first discuss the development of children's motivation and engagement and take another look at the often‐observed decline in motivation, focusing on new work showing different patterns in these declines among different groups of children. We also discuss how children's motivation relates to their performance and choice, two kinds of outcomes of major importance to children's healthy development. The second major section discusses gender, ethnic, and cultural differences in children's motivation and the important advances researchers have made in understanding these over the past 10 years. In the family and school socialization sections we focus on processes by which parents, teachers, and schools can impact children's motivation both positively and negatively. We note the similarities of these processes across socializers: Providing appropriate challenges and emotional warmth and support, and having high expectations for children. We discuss the need for more integrative studies of how parents and also teachers impact…
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Motivation involves beliefs, values, interests, goals, drives, needs, reinforcements, and identities (Oyserman & Destin, 2010;Wigfield et al., 2015); influences choice, persistence, and effort (Wigfield et al., 2015); and is essential for engagement and learning.”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Wigfield et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“Children's goals for learning and other activities, interest in learning, and valuing of achievement also are central to achievement motivation (Wigfield et al., 2015).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Wigfield et al., 2015
Citations
Cites
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
School Engagement: Potential of the Concept, State of the Evidence
Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543074001059 · Cited by 12,581
Self-citationStereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797 · Cited by 9,020
An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion
Weiner, B. (1985) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.92.4.548 · Cited by 7,846
Mindset: The New Psychology of Success
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-2397 · Cited by 7,804
Motivational beliefs, values, and goals
Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135153 · Cited by 7,587
Self-citationExpectancy-value theory of achievement motivation
Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (2000) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1015 · Cited by 7,383
Self-citationDeci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627 · Cited by 7,176
A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance
Steele, C. M. (1997) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.52.6.613 · Cited by 6,770
Zimmerman, B. J. (2000) · Handbook of Self-Regulation · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50031-7 · Cited by 6,069
Research works printed but not linked: 64
- Anderman A. H., 2007, Psychology of cheating
- Bugental D. B., 2006, Social, emotional, and personality development, 366
- Calzada E. J., Familismo in Mexican and Dominican families from low‐income, urban communities, Journal of Family Issues
- Corwyn R. F., 2003, Family process mediators of the relation between SES and child outcomes
- Covington M., 2009, Handbook of motivation at school, 141
- Davis‐Kean P. E., 2003, Influences and barriers to better parent‐school collaborations, The LSS Review, 2, 4
- Deatrick E. E. Waiters B. L. Creek T. Snyder E. Butz A. R. &Usher E. L.(2013 April).Making the transition: Changes in elementary and middle school mathematics motivation. Paper presented at the University of Kentucky Spring Research Conference Lexington KY.
- 10.1037/0033.2909.125.6.627 · DOI
- Deci E. L., 2002, Handbook of self‐determination theory research, 431
- Dweck C. S., 2009, Handbook of motivation at school, 123
- Eccles J. S., 1993, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1992: Developmental perspectives on motivation, 145
- Eccles J. S., 2013, Societal contexts of child development: Pathways of influence and implications for practice and policy
- Eccles J. S., 2014, The role of parents in the socialization of expectancies and subjective task value
- Eccles J. S., 1989, Research on motivation in education, 139
- Eccles J. S., 1998, Social, emotional, and personality development, 1017
- Eccles‐Parsons J. S., 1983, Achievement and achievement motives, 75
- Finn J. D., 2006, The adult lives of at‐risk students: The roles of attainment and engagement in high school
- Fredricks J. S., 2005, Developmental pathways through middle childhood: Rethinking diversity and contexts as resources, 41
- Furstenberg F., 1999, Managing to make it: Urban families in adolescent success
- Graham S., 2005, Handbook of competence and motivation, 392
- Graham S., 2009, Handbook of motivation at school, 11
- Guthrie J. T., 2012, Adolescents' engagement in academic literacy
- Guthrie J. T., 2004, Motivating reading comprehension: Concept Oriented Reading Instruction
- Hattie J., 2009, Visible learning
- Jerrim J., Gendered aspirations and achievements
- Jussim L., 2009, Handbook of motivation at school, 381
- Juvonen J., 2006, Handbook of educational psychology, 655
- Killen M., 2000, Individualism and collectivism as cultural contexts for development
- Kirkpatrick K. M. Chang Y. Lee Y. J. Tas Y. &Anderman E. M.(2013 April).The role of perceived social cost of math and science learning in academic expectations and intentions. In E. Anderman (Chair) Is it worth my time and effort?Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association San Francisco CA.
- Lareau A., 2003, Unequal childhood: Class, race, and family life
- 10.1037/0003‐066X.55.1.170 · DOI
- 10.1037/0012‐1649.38.5.719 · DOI
- Maehr M. L., 2009, Handbook of motivation at school, 77
- Markus H. R., 2003, Nebraska symposium on motivation: Cross‐cultural differences in perspectives on the self, 1
- McInerney D. M., 2004, Research on sociocultural influences on motivation and learning, 1
- Murdock T. B., 2009, Handbook of motivation at school, 433
- Noddings N., 2005, The challenge to care in schools
- Nolen S., 2008, Advances in motivation and achievement: Vol. 15. Social psychological perspectives, 425
- Parke R. D., 2006, Social, emotional, and personality development, 429
- Pintrich P. R., 2002, Development of achievement motivation, 250
- Pomerantz E. M., 2005, Handbook of competence and motivation, 259
- Roeser R. W., 2013, Middle grades curriculum: Voices and visions of the self‐enhancing school, 179
- Roeser R. W., 2009, Handbook of motivation at school, 381
- Ruble D. N., 2006, Social, emotional, and personality development, 858
- Ryan R. M., 2002, Handbook of self‐determination theory research, 3
- Ryan R. M., 2009, Handbook of motivation at school, 171
- Safavian N. Conley A. M. Karabenick S. A.(2013 April).Gender and ethnic differences in cost value in middle school mathematics. In E. Anderman (Chair) Is it worth my time and effort?Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association San Francisco CA.
- Schiefele U., 2009, Handbook of motivation at school, 197
- Schoon I., Gendered aspirations and achievements
- Schunk D. H., 2014, Motivation in education: Theory, research, and application
- Schunk D. H., 2009, Handbook of motivation at school, 35
- Skinner E. A., 2009, Handbook of motivation at school, 223
- Steele C. M., 2010, Whistling Vivaldi
- Updegraff K. A., 2007, Immigrant families in contemporary society, 250
- Wentzel K. R., 2002, Development of achievement motivation, 222
- Wentzel K. R., 2005, Handbook of competence and motivation, 279
- Wentzel K. R., 2013, Educational psychology, 213
- Wentzel K. R., 2009, Promoting wellness in children and youth: A handbook of positive psychology in the schools, 229
- Wentzel K. R., 2011, Latina and Latino children's mental health: Vol. 1: Development and context, 195
- 10.4324/9780203879498 · DOI
- Wigfield A., 2006, Handbook of educational psychology, 87
- Wigfield A., 2012, Adolescents' engagement in academic literacy, 52
- Wigfield A., 2006, Social, emotional, and personality development, 933
- Zeidner M., 2011, Anxiety 101
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 645
How Teacher Support Affects Students Engagement in Learning Math?
Deri, P. S., Cahyadi, S., & Susiati, E. (2023) · Jurnal Neo Konseling · doi:10.24036/00713kons2023 · Cited by 1
Roy, A. (2023) · International Journal of Interdisciplinary Approaches in Psychology · doi:10.61113/ijiap.v1i4.107 · Cited by 1
Anggia, H., Magyar, A., & Habók, A. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22884 · Cited by 1
Bolli, S., Lazarides, R., Westphal, A., & Vock, M. (2024) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102544 · Cited by 1
Lara, L., Miranda‐Zapata, E., Saracostti, M., & de-Toro, X. (2024) · Revista de Psicodidáctica (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.psicoe.2024.500159 · Cited by 2
Jin, Y., & Wang, H. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2024.106157 · Cited by 1
Talebi, S. H., & Fallahi, J. (2021) · Language policy · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75610-9_3 · Cited by 1
Classroom Assessment as a Source of Motivational Messages
Barnes, N., Fives, H., & Coombs, A. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841332.013.28 · Cited by 1
Mezei, T., & Fejes, J. B. (2021) · Magyar Pedagógia · doi:10.17670/mped.2021.4.361 · Cited by 3
What Teachers Need to Know About Promoting Student Motivation to Learn
Patrick, H. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0059 · Cited by 3
Urdan, T. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0043 · Cited by 2
Good Versus Bad Motivation? Avoiding the Lure of False Dichotomies
Alexander, P. A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0023 · Cited by 2
Gaps in Contemporary Motivation Research
Martin, A. J., & Burns, E. C. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0062 · Cited by 3
The Uneasy Relationship Between Conscious and Non-Conscious Motivation
Urdan, T. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0032 · Cited by 1
Insights Gained from Controversy 3
Bong, M., Reeve, J., & Kim, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0024 · Cited by 1
Fellus, O. (2018) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-22730 · Cited by 1
Ingrell, J. (2019) · doi:10.24834/isbn.9789178770083 · Cited by 3
Brennan, B. (2021) · PDXScholar (Portland State University) · doi:10.15760/etd.7751 · Cited by 1
Parrisius, C., Gaspard, H., Zitzmann, S., Trautwein, U., & Nagengast, B. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/p2zfr · Cited by 1
Vollet, J. W. (2000) · doi:10.15760/etd.5658 · Cited by 1
Lin, A., Ettekal, A. V., & Simpkins, S. D. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_251 · Cited by 1
Self-citationKiyama, F., & Carranza, P. R. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-96023-6.00003-8 · Cited by 1
Shea, P., & Rice, M. F. (2023) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v27i3.4152 · Cited by 5
The Peer Network as a Context for the Socialization of Academic Engagement
Newton-Curtis, L. (2000) · doi:10.15760/etd.2648
Pennington, S. E. (2016) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Vollet, J. W. (2000) · doi:10.15760/etd.3453 · Cited by 1
Predicting academic achievement and cognitive ability from child and parent perceptions of ability.
Kennedy, K. E. (2017) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3xp6vh6c
Renninger, K. A., & Hidi, S. E. (2019)
潘, 腾. (2020) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2020.109156
Career Identity and Profiles of Value Beliefs in Four Academic Domains in High School
Epstein, A. (2019) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Grassinger, R., & Reisch, D. (2020) · Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1024/1010-0652/a000293
Peers, Perceptions of Teaching Practices, and Implications for Student Engagement
McKellar, S. E. (2020) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Methods, Measures, and Perspective
Renninger, K. A., & Hidi, S. E. (2019)
The pedagogy of engagement: classroom management vs. facilitating learning
Berry, A. (2019) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne)
Robotics-based Engineering Approaches in the G4-12 Curriculum
Dopp, D., Bergin, D. A., & Nair, S. S. (2024) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--37690
Testa, I., Costanzo, G., Parlati, A., & Tricò, F. (2021) · Journal of Educational Cultural and Psychological Studies (ECPS Journal) · doi:10.7358/ecps-2021-024-test
Raine, K. E. (2021) · PDXScholar (Portland State University) · doi:10.15760/etd.7717
The Use of Infographic to Enhance EFL Students’ Reading Interest
Meialldy, I. G. K. (2021) · Journal of Educational Study · doi:10.36663/joes.v1i2.154
Held, T., Hagenauer, G., & Hascher, T. (2021) · Edition ZfE · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-31064-6_6
Obschonka, M., Fritsch, M., & Stuetzer, M. (2021) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781788973380.00013
MotivationPreprint
Miele, D. B., & Browman, A. S. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/w7f6a
Can Extracurricular Activities Reduce Adolescent Race/Ethnic Friendship Network Segregation?Preprint
Schaefer, D. R., Simpkins, S. D., & Ettekal, A. V. (2016) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/rchxm
Self-citationInvestigation the Relationship between Online Homework, Academic Success and Self-Regulation
Kahramanoğlu, R., & Dursun, B. (2022) · Psycho-Educational Research Reviews · doi:10.52963/perr_biruni_v11.n2.02
McKinney, D. (2019) · American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) · doi:10.3102/1445377
Reading motivation and first grade practitioners
Lepley, K. (2021) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20412683
Bo, D., Vijayakumar, S., (Retired), P. M. S. Y., & Diana Josephine., A. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3024846/v1
Genucchi, M., Content, A., & Chetail, F. (2022) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.3917/anpsy1.224.0643 · Cited by 1
BAKIBANGOU, Y. B. (2022) · International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education · doi:10.20431/2349-0381.0904007
Towards a Theorisation for Physicalized Drama to Learn Science
Braund, M. (2023) · Contributions from science education research · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17350-9_3
Ettekal, A. V., Thompson, B., & Kornienko, O. (2022) · IJREE – International Journal for Research on Extended Education · doi:10.3224/ijree.v10i1.04 · Cited by 1
Some Motivations Make Us Happier Than Others
Sheldon, K. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0019
Do We Sometimes Surrender Our Good Motivation for Bad?
Wigfield, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0022
Self-citationUsher, E. L. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0035
When It Comes to Motivating Others, What’s Easy Is Not Always What Works
Patall, E. A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0052
Where Will Michelle Go to College? Culture and Context in the Study of Motivation
Schutz, P. A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0014
Insights Gained from Controversy 9
Bong, M., Reeve, J., & Kim, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0069
Insights Gained from Controversy 2
Bong, M., Reeve, J., & Kim, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0018
Extrinsic Rewards Undermine Motivation in the Classroom . . . Sometimes
Anderman, E. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0025 · Cited by 1
Wanting to Feel Effective in Our Goal Pursuits for Both Outcomes and Process
Higgins, E. T., & Nakkawita, E. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0007
How Do We Motivate People? Connecting to People’s Existing Goals and Values
Dweck, C. S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0049 · Cited by 1
Improving Social Contexts Can Enhance Student Motivation
Wentzel, K. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0058 · Cited by 1
A Key to Motivation Is Thinking and Acting Like You Can Change Things
Patall, E. A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0034
Is a Focus on Looking Smart Beneficial for Students’ Engagement, Learning, and Achievement?
Linnenbrink‐Garcia, L. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0045
You Can Motivate Others by Nurturing Five Experiences That Satisfy Their Need for Autonomy
Assor, A., Benita, M., & Geifman, Y. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0057
Can We Really Say that Motivational Processes Are Universal Across Cultures and Contexts?
Green, B. P., Gray, D. L., Hope, E. C., & Matthews, J. S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0015
Transactions Among Motivation, Emotion, and Cognition
Schutz, P. A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0040
Insights Gained from Controversy 1
Bong, M., Reeve, J., & Kim, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0012
Insights Gained from Controversy 4
Bong, M., Reeve, J., & Kim, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0029
Insights Gained from Controversy 8
Bong, M., Reeve, J., & Kim, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0060
Anderman, E. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0053
Skinner, E. A., Kindermann, T. A., Vollet, J. W., & Rickert, N. P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0075 · Cited by 1
Easy to Get People to Do Things, More Challenging to Facilitate Their Motivation
Grolnick, W. S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0051
About the bMRI Symposium on Motivation
(2023) · Motivation Science · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.002.0006
Insights Gained from Controversy 10
Bong, M., Reeve, J., & Kim, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0077
(2023) · Motivation Science · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.002.0003
(2023) · Motivation Science · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.002.0010
GÜL, B., & Martinot, D. (2023) · Psychologie Française · doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2023.01.001
Insights Gained from Controversy 5
Bong, M., Reeve, J., & Kim, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0036
Exploring the Boundaries Between Motivation, Cognition, and Emotion
Alexander, P. A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0039 · Cited by 1
Insights Gained from Controversy 7
Bong, M., Reeve, J., & Kim, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0048
الاصفر, ا. ع. ا. (2022) · مجلة کلية التربية جامعة طنطا · doi:10.21608/mkmgt.2022.155981.1319
Jugović, I., & Baranović, B. (2023) · Sociologija i prostor · doi:10.5673/sip.60.3.7 · Cited by 1
Plotting Success: A Communication Activity for Promoting Graph Literacy
Sobotka, A. J., Janney, B., & Kidd, A. E. (2023) · The Clearing House A Journal of Educational Strategies Issues and Ideas · doi:10.1080/00098655.2023.2204210
Erickson, J. D., Davison, K. E., & Markmann, S. (2023) · Journal of Early Childhood Literacy · doi:10.1177/14687984231186086
Sangoniran, A. (2023) · International Journal for Cross-Disciplinary Subjects in Education · doi:10.20533/ijcdse.2042.6364.2023.0585
Friendships and peer groups in the teen years—our perspective
Osgood, D. W. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197602317.003.0001
Az-Zukhruf, A., Naziha, B. M., Hanun, F., Vironi, V., & Fajriyah, J. (2023) · JRCE (Journal of Research on Community Engagement) · doi:10.18860/jrce.v5i1.22669
Preschool Improvement Practices
Jacobsson, A. K. (2023) · Education and human development · doi:10.5772/intechopen.113143
Coping as an Essential Process of Everyday Motivational Resilience in School
Skinner, E. A., & Saxton, E. A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841332.013.42
Gara, M. R. (2023) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2023.20.2.2346
Comparison of suppliers and consumers’ choice factors in the online education market
Lee, H. J. (2023) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2023.2288047
Metadata
- Authors
- Wigfield, A., Eccles, J. S., Fredricks, J. A., Simpkins, S., Roeser, R. W., & Schiefele, U.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Connecticut College (US)
- Arizona State University (US)
- Portland State University (US)
- University of Potsdam (DE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-03-23
- Pages
- 1-44
- OpenAlex
- W1512652965
- Cited by
- 646
- References
- 259
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 148 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 6
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Social Sciences › Education › Parental Involvement in Education
- Keywords
- achievement motivation, student engagement, expectancy-value theory, motivation decline, gender differences, ethnic and cultural differences, family socialization, school socialization, parental expectations, teacher influence, emotional warmth, unconscious processes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review