Liquid Crystalline Elastomers as Actuators and Sensors

Optical Switching and Image Storage by Means of Azobenzene Liquid-Crystal Films

Ikeda, T., & Tsutsumi, O. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.268.5219.1873 · Cited by 1,549

Liquid Crystal Elastomers

Warner, M., & Terentjev, E. M. (2003) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198527671.001.0001 · Cited by 1,126

A New Opto-Mechanical Effect in Solids

Finkelmann, H., Nishikawa, E., Pereira, G. G., & Warner, M. (2001) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.87.015501 · Cited by 1,062

Photomobile Polymer Materials: Towards Light‐Driven Plastic Motors

Yamada, M., Kondo, M., Mamiya, J., Yu, Y., Kinoshita, M., Barrett, C. J., & Ikeda, T. (2008) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.200800760 · Cited by 1,061

Fast liquid-crystal elastomer swims into the dark

Camacho-Lopez, M. A., Finkelmann, H., Palffy‐Muhoray, P., & Shelley, M. (2004) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat1118 · Cited by 1,009

Nematic liquid single crystal elastomers

Küpfer, J., & Finkelmann, H. (1991) · Die Makromolekulare Chemie Rapid Communications · doi:10.1002/marc.1991.030121211 · Cited by 977

Printed artificial cilia from liquid-crystal network actuators modularly driven by light

van Oosten, C. L., Bastiaansen, C. W. M., & Broer, D. J. (2009) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat2487 · Cited by 976

Polymer artificial muscles

Mirfakhrai, T., Madden, J. D. W., & Baughman, R. H. (2007) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/s1369-7021(07)70048-2 · Cited by 929

Liquid crystal elastomers with mechanical properties of a muscle

Thomsen, D. L., Keller, P., Naciri, J., Pink, R., Jeon, H., Shenoy, D., & Ratna, B. R. (2001) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/ma001639q · Cited by 689

Anisotropic Bending and Unbending Behavior of Azobenzene Liquid‐Crystalline Gels by Light Exposure

Ikeda, T., Nakano, M., Yu, Y., Tsutsumi, O., & Kanazawa, A. (2003) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200390045 · Cited by 604

Light‐Driven Side‐On Nematic Elastomer Actuators

Li, M., Keller, P., Li, B., Wang, X., & Brunet, M. (2003) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200304552 · Cited by 601

Giant lateral electrostriction in ferroelectric liquid-crystalline elastomers

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Photochemical Attachment of Polymer Films to Solid Surfaces via Monolayers of Benzophenone Derivatives

Prucker, O., Naumann, C. A., Rühe, J., Knoll, W., & Frank, C. W. (1999) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja990962+ · Cited by 391

Photomobile polymer materials—various three-dimensional movements

Yamada, M., Kondo, M., Miyasato, R., Naka, Y., Mamiya, J., Kinoshita, M., Shishido, A., Yu, Y., Barrett, C. J., & Ikeda, T. (2008) · Journal of Materials Chemistry · doi:10.1039/b815289f · Cited by 390

The Physics of Liquid Crystals

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Micro-Actuators: When Artificial Muscles Made of Nematic Liquid Crystal Elastomers Meet Soft Lithography

Buguin, A., Li, M., Silberzan, P., Ladoux, B., & Keller, P. (2006) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja0575070 · Cited by 368

uv manipulation of order and macroscopic shape in nematic elastomers

Hogan, P. M., Tajbakhsh, A. R., & Terentjev, E. M. (2002) · Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics · doi:10.1103/physreve.65.041720 · Cited by 366

Liquid crystal elastomers: Influence of the orientational distribution of the crosslinks on the phase behaviour and reorientation processes

Küpfer, J., & Finkelmann, H. (1994) · Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.1002/macp.1994.021950419 · Cited by 345

Large amplitude light-induced motion in high elastic modulus polymer actuators

Harris, K. D., Cuypers, R., Scheibe, P., van Oosten, C. L., Bastiaansen, C. W. M., Lub, J., & Broer, D. J. (2005) · Journal of Materials Chemistry · doi:10.1039/b512655j · Cited by 337

Shape Memory Effect Exhibited by Smectic-C Liquid Crystalline Elastomers

Rousseau, I. A., & Mather, P. T. (2003) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja039001s · Cited by 291

Micron-Sized Main-Chain Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Actuators with Ultralarge Amplitude Contractions

Yang, H., Buguin, A., Taulemesse, J.-M., 金子, 光., Méry, S., Bergeret, A., & Keller, P. (2009) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja905363f · Cited by 279

Nematic Elastomer Fiber Actuator

Naciri, J. W., Srinivasan, A., Jeon, H. G., Николов, Н. А., Keller, P., & Ratna, B. R. (2003) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/ma034921g · Cited by 272

Self‐Assembled Shape‐Memory Fibers of Triblock Liquid‐Crystal Polymers

Ahir, S. V., Tajbakhsh, A. R., & Terentjev, E. M. (2006) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.200500692 · Cited by 270

Synthesis and Properties of Poly(acrylic acid)/Mica Superabsorbent Nanocomposite

Lin, J., Wu, J., Yang, Z., & Pu, M. (2001) · Macromolecular Rapid Communications · doi:10.1002/1521-3927(20010301)22:6 · Cited by 266

Investigations on liquid crystalline polysiloxanes, 1. Synthesis and characterization of linear polymers

Finkelmann, H., & Rehage, G. (1980) · Die Makromolekulare Chemie Rapid Communications · doi:10.1002/marc.1980.030010107 · Cited by 256

Spontaneous thermal expansion of nematic elastomers

Tajbakhsh, A. R., & Terentjev, E. M. (2001) · The European Physical Journal E · doi:10.1007/s101890170020 · Cited by 256

Reversible Infrared Actuation of Carbon Nanotube–Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Nanocomposites

Yang, L., Setyowati, K., Li, A., Gong, S., & Chen, J. (2008) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200702953 · Cited by 214

Polymers with aligned carbon nanotubes: Active composite materials

Ahir, S. V., Huang, Y. Y. S., & Terentjev, E. M. (2008) · Polymer · doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2008.05.005 · Cited by 210

Nematic elastomers: The influence of external mechanical stress on the liquid‐crystalline phase behavior

Schätzle, J., Kaufhold, W., & Finkelmann, H. (1989) · Die Makromolekulare Chemie · doi:10.1002/macp.1989.021901224 · Cited by 208

Nematic elastomers with aligned carbon nanotubes: New electromechanical actuators

Courty, S., Miné-Hattab, J., Tajbakhsh, A. R., & Terentjev, E. M. (2003) · Europhysics Letters (EPL) · doi:10.1209/epl/i2003-00277-9 · Cited by 198

Liquid crystal elastomers, networks and gels: advanced smart materials

Xie, P., & Zhang, R. (2005) · Journal of Materials Chemistry · doi:10.1039/b413835j · Cited by 192

An Artificial Muscle with Lamellar Structure Based on a Nematic Triblock Copolymer

Li, M., Keller, P., Yang, J., & Albouy, P. (2004) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200400658 · Cited by 188

Polarization-controlled, photodriven bending in monodomain liquid crystal elastomer cantilevers

White, T. J., Serak, S. V., Tabiryan, N. V., Vaia, R. A., & Bunning, T. J. (2008) · Journal of Materials Chemistry · doi:10.1039/b818457g · Cited by 188

Spontaneous thermal expansion of nematic elastomersPreprint

Tajbakhsh, A. R., & Terentjev, E. M. (2008) · Cited by 187

A Continuous Flow Synthesis of Micrometer‐Sized Actuators from Liquid Crystalline Elastomers

Ohm, C., Serra, C. A., & Zentel, R. (2009) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200901522 · Cited by 185

Sintering of Nanocrystalline CeO2 Ceramics

Kleinlogel, C., & Gauckler, L. J. (2001) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/1521-4095(200107)13:14 · Cited by 184

UV isomerisation in nematic elastomers as a route to photo-mechanical transducer

Cviklinski, J., Tajbakhsh, A. R., & Terentjev, E. M. (2002) · The European Physical Journal E · doi:10.1140/epje/i2002-10095-y · Cited by 175

Selected Issues in Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Gels

Urayama, K. (2007) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/ma0623688 · Cited by 172

Liquid crystalline elastomers based on liquid crystalline side group, main chain and combined polymers

Zentel, R., & Reckert, G. (1986) · Die Makromolekulare Chemie · doi:10.1002/macp.1986.021870811 · Cited by 170

Magnetoactive liquid crystal elastomer nanocomposites

Kaiser, A., Winkler, M., Krause, S., Finkelmann, H., & Schmidt, A. M. (2008) · Journal of Materials Chemistry · doi:10.1039/b813120c · Cited by 167

Liquid-crystalline elastomers

Terentjev, E. M. (1999) · Journal of Physics Condensed Matter · doi:10.1088/0953-8984/11/24/201 · Cited by 163

Reorientation Mechanism of Azobenzenes within the Trans .fwdarw. Cis Photoisomerization

Sekkat, Z., Wood, J., & Knoll, W. (1995) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/j100047a029 · Cited by 162

Liquid Crystalline Polymers

Finkelmann, H. (1987) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English · doi:10.1002/anie.198708161 · Cited by 161

Liquid Crystalline Elastomers

Zentel, R. (1989) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.19891011041 · Cited by 159

A Simple and Versatile Synthetic Route for the Preparation of Main-Chain, Liquid-Crystalline Elastomers

Donnio, B., Wermter, H., & Finkelmann, H. (2000) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/ma0002850 · Cited by 153

Self-Assembled Polymer Films for Controlled Agent-Driven Motion

Harris, K. D., Bastiaansen, C. W. M., Lub, J., & Broer, D. J. (2005) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl0514590 · Cited by 147

Ferroelectric liquid‐crystalline elastomers

Brehmer, M., Zentel, R., Wagenblast, G., & Siemensmeyer, K. (1994) · Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.1002/macp.1994.021950601 · Cited by 142

Handbook of Liquid Crystals

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Can sunlight drive the photoinduced bending of polymer films?

Yin, R., Xu, W., Kondo, M., Yen, C.-C., Mamiya, J., Ikeda, T., & Yu, Y. (2009) · Journal of Materials Chemistry · doi:10.1039/b904973h · Cited by 136

The conformation of liquid‐crystalline polymers as revealed by neutron scattering

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Nematic elastomers, 1. Effect of the spacer length on the mechanical coupling between network anisotropy and nematic order

Kaufhold, W., Finkelmann, H., & Brand, H. R. (1991) · Die Makromolekulare Chemie · doi:10.1002/macp.1991.021921104 · Cited by 128

Smectic A liquid single crystal elastomers showing macroscopic in‐plane fluidity

Nishikawa, E., Finkelmann, H., & Brand, H. R. (1997) · Macromolecular Rapid Communications · doi:10.1002/marc.1997.030180201 · Cited by 124

Shape variation of cross-linked liquid-crystalline polymers by electric fields

Zentel, R. (1986) · Liquid Crystals · doi:10.1080/02678298608086283 · Cited by 124

Liquid‐crystalline main‐chain elastomers

Bergmann, G. H. F., Finkelmann, H., Percec, V., & Zhao, M. (1997) · Macromolecular Rapid Communications · doi:10.1002/marc.1997.030180501 · Cited by 120

Side chain mesomorphic polymers : studies of labelled backbones by neutron scattering

Keller, P., Carvalho, B. L., Cotton, J. P., Lambert, M., Moussa, F., & Pépy, G. (1985) · Journal de Physique Lettres · doi:10.1051/jphyslet:0198500460220106500 · Cited by 114

Liquid crystalline side chain polymers and their behaviour in the electric field

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Liquid crystal elastomer–nanoparticle systems for actuation

Chambers, M., Finkelmann, H., Remškar, M., Sánchez‐Ferrer, A., Zalar, B., & ŽUMER, S. (2008) · Journal of Materials Chemistry · doi:10.1039/b812423j · Cited by 110

Well-Defined Liquid Crystal Gels from Telechelic Polymers

Xia, Y., Verduzco, R., Grubbs, R. H., & Kornfield, J. A. (2008) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja077192j · Cited by 109

Photocrosslinkable liquid crystal main-chain polymers: Thin films and electrospinning

Krause, S., Dersch, R., Wendorff, J. H., & Finkelmann, H. (2007) · Macromolecular Rapid Communications · doi:10.1002/marc.200700460 · Cited by 108

Monodomain Liquid Crystal Main Chain Elastomers by Photocrosslinking

Beyer, P., Terentjev, E. M., & Zentel, R. (2007) · Macromolecular Rapid Communications · doi:10.1002/marc.200700210 · Cited by 108

Photo‐Crosslinked Side‐Chain Liquid‐Crystalline Elastomers for Microsystems

Sánchez‐Ferrer, A., Fischl, T., Stubenrauch, M., Wurmus, H., Hoffmann, M., & Finkelmann, H. (2009) · Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.1002/macp.200900308 · Cited by 101

Investigations on liquid crystalline polysiloxanes, 5. Orientation of LC‐elastomers by mechanical forces

Finkelmann, H., Kock, H. J., Gleim, W., & Rehage, G. (1984) · Die Makromolekulare Chemie Rapid Communications · doi:10.1002/marc.1984.030050508 · Cited by 100

Selected macroscopic properties of liquid crystalline elastomers

Brand, H. R., Pleiner, H., & Martinoty, P. (2006) · Soft Matter · doi:10.1039/b512693m · Cited by 99

Anisotropic actuation in electroclinic liquid crystal elastomers

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X‐ray investigations of liquid crystalline homo‐ and copolysiloxanes with paired mesogens

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Nematic main-chain elastomers: Coupling and orientational behavior

Krause, S., Zander, F., Bergmann, G., Brandt, H., Wertmer, H., & Finkelmann, H. (2008) · Comptes Rendus Chimie · doi:10.1016/j.crci.2008.08.003 · Cited by 92

Biaxial Shape Memory Effect Exhibited by Monodomain Chiral Smectic C Elastomers

Hiraoka, K., Sagano, W., Nose, T., & Finkelmann, H. (2005) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/ma050642c · Cited by 89

On the structure and the chain conformation of side-chain liquid crystal polymers

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Stress‐induced orientation in lightly crosslinked liquid‐crystalline side‐group polymers

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Photoactive Thermoplastic Elastomers of Azobenzene-Containing Triblock Copolymers Prepared through Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Cui, L., Tong, X., Yan, X., Liu, G., & Zhao, Y. (2004) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/ma048995j · Cited by 88

Ferroelectric Liquid Crystalline Elastomers

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Liquid Crystalline Elastomers

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Nematic elastomers beyond the critical point

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Low-voltage-driven electromechanical effects of swollen liquid-crystal elastomers

Yusuf, Y., Huh, J.-H., Cladis, P. E., Brand, H. R., Finkelmann, H., & Kai, S. (2005) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.71.061702 · Cited by 79

Self-assembled liquid-crystalline gels designed from the bottom up

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Experimental Evidence of Chain Extension at the Transition Temperature of a Nematic Polymer

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Electrooptical Effects with Anisotropic Deformation in Nematic Gels

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Coupling of liquid crystalline and polymer network properties in LC-elastomers

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Main-Chain Liquid Crystalline Elastomers: Monomer and Cross-Linker Molecular Control of the Thermotropic and Elastic Properties

Bispo, M., Guillon, D., Donnio, B., & Finkelmann, H. (2008) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/ma7026929 · Cited by 76

Novel Liquid Crystalline Block Copolymers by ATRP and ROMP

Li, M., Keller, P., & Albouy, P. (2003) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/ma021473o · Cited by 74

Molecular Switching in Liquid Crystal Elastomers

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X-ray investigations of linear and cross-linked liquid-crystalline main chain and combined polymers

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Uniaxial and Shear Deformations in Smectic-C Main-Chain Liquid-Crystalline Elastomers

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Liquid Crystalline Elastomers—Characterization as Networks

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A Versatile Preparation Route for Thin Free‐Standing Liquid Single Crystal Elastomers

Komp, A., Rühe, J., & Finkelmann, H. (2005) · Macromolecular Rapid Communications · doi:10.1002/marc.200500049 · Cited by 61

Densely crosslinked liquid single‐crystal elastomers

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A New Type of Macroscopically Oriented Smectic‐A Liquid Crystal Elastomer

Komp, A., & Finkelmann, H. (2007) · Macromolecular Rapid Communications · doi:10.1002/marc.200600640 · Cited by 60

Mechanical behaviour of liquid‐crystalline polymers and their networks

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Thermal and UV Shape Shifting of Surface Topography

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Photoresponsive side-chain liquid crystalline polymers with an easily cross-linkable azobenzene mesogen

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Electroclinic effect in free-standing smectic elastomer films

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Structure–property relationships of ‘diluted’ ferroelectric polysiloxanes

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Smectic Liquid‐Crystalline Colloids by Miniemulsion Techniques

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Volume Phase Transition of Monodomain Nematic Polymer Networks in Isotropic Solvents Accompanied by Anisotropic Shape Variation

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Electromechanics of a Chiral Smectic C Elastomer: Measurement of Complex Piezoelectric Constant through Successive Phase Transformations

Hiraoka, K., Stein, P., & Finkelmann, H. (2003) · Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.1002/macp.200300007 · Cited by 51

Manipulation of the ferroelectricity in LC polymers via photomechanical isomerization of azobenzene moieties

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A Glassy Bending‐Mode Polymeric Actuator Which Deforms in Response to Solvent Polarity

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Controlling the Critical Behavior of Paranematic to Nematic Transition in Main-Chain Liquid Single-Crystal Elastomers

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Orientability of Crosslinked and of Chiral Liquid Crystalline Polymers

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Liquid Crystal Elastomer Balloons

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Liquid Crystalline Polymers

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Influence of Molecular Parameters on the Elastic and Viscoelastic Properties of Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Elastomers

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Electromechanics of Monodomain Chiral Smectic C Elastomer: Mechanical Response to Electric Stimulation

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Molecular order of spacer and main chain in polymeric side‐group liquid crystals

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Structure and elastic properties of smectic liquid crystalline elastomer films

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A small-angle neutron scattering study of a semiflexible main-chain liquid crystalline copolyester

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Pyroelectric and electro-optical effects in the SmC* phase of a polysiloxane liquid crystal

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Anisotropic Particles from LC Polymers for Optical Manipulation

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Ferroelectric polysiloxane liquid crystals with ‘de Vries’-type smectic A*–smectic C* transitions

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Orientation behavior of smectic polymer networks by uniaxial mechanical fields

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Thermal and Mechanical Properties of New Main-Chain Liquid-Crystalline Elastomers

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Photoswitchable Smectic Liquid‐Crystalline Elastomers

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