The DOI matches its Crossref record; 140 of the 142 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Liquid Crystalline Elastomers as Actuators and Sensors
Abstract
This review collects recent developments in the field of liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) with an emphasis on their use for actuator and sensor applications. Several synthetic pathways leading to crosslinked liquid crystalline polymers are discussed and how these materials can be oriented into liquid crystalline monodomains are described. By comparing the actuating properties of different systems, general structure-property relationships for LCEs are obtained. In the final section, how these materials can be turned into usable devices using different interdisciplinary techniques are described.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The SMPs discussed in Section 2 and related soft robots are generally manufactured through standard fabrication techniques, such as shape extrusion, injection molding, laser cutting, or soft lithography [34,173,174].”
From Two-Way and Multiple-Way Shape Memory Polymers for Soft Robotics: An Overview (2020) · cites this paper as [173]
Citations
Cites
Optical Switching and Image Storage by Means of Azobenzene Liquid-Crystal Films
Ikeda, T., & Tsutsumi, O. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.268.5219.1873 · Cited by 1,549
Warner, M., & Terentjev, E. M. (2003) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198527671.001.0001 · Cited by 1,126
A New Opto-Mechanical Effect in Solids
Finkelmann, H., Nishikawa, E., Pereira, G. G., & Warner, M. (2001) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.87.015501 · Cited by 1,062
Photomobile Polymer Materials: Towards Light‐Driven Plastic Motors
Yamada, M., Kondo, M., Mamiya, J., Yu, Y., Kinoshita, M., Barrett, C. J., & Ikeda, T. (2008) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.200800760 · Cited by 1,061
Fast liquid-crystal elastomer swims into the dark
Camacho-Lopez, M. A., Finkelmann, H., Palffy‐Muhoray, P., & Shelley, M. (2004) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat1118 · Cited by 1,009
Nematic liquid single crystal elastomers
Küpfer, J., & Finkelmann, H. (1991) · Die Makromolekulare Chemie Rapid Communications · doi:10.1002/marc.1991.030121211 · Cited by 977
Printed artificial cilia from liquid-crystal network actuators modularly driven by light
van Oosten, C. L., Bastiaansen, C. W. M., & Broer, D. J. (2009) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat2487 · Cited by 976
Mirfakhrai, T., Madden, J. D. W., & Baughman, R. H. (2007) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/s1369-7021(07)70048-2 · Cited by 929
Liquid crystal elastomers with mechanical properties of a muscle
Thomsen, D. L., Keller, P., Naciri, J., Pink, R., Jeon, H., Shenoy, D., & Ratna, B. R. (2001) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/ma001639q · Cited by 689
Anisotropic Bending and Unbending Behavior of Azobenzene Liquid‐Crystalline Gels by Light Exposure
Ikeda, T., Nakano, M., Yu, Y., Tsutsumi, O., & Kanazawa, A. (2003) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200390045 · Cited by 604
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Finkelmann H., 1994, Trends Polym. Sci., 2, 116
- de Gennes P. G., 1975, C. R. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. B, 281, 101
- Ringsdorf H., 1991, Chemistry and Physics of Macromolecules, 211
- 10.1021/ja990962 · DOI
- 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3935(20000501)201:8<911::AID-MACP911>3.0.CO;2-9 · DOI
- Wermter H., 2001, e‐Polymers, 013
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lendlein, A., Kelch, S., Kratz, K., Schulte, J., & Schauer, S. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471238961.1908011612051404.a01 · Cited by 2,687
Programmable and adaptive mechanics with liquid crystal polymer networks and elastomers
White, T. J., & Broer, D. J. (2015) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat4433 · Cited by 1,757
Mu, J., Wang, G., Yan, H., Li, H., Wang, X., Gao, E., Hou, C., Pham, A. T. C., Wu, L., Zhang, Q., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03032-2 · Cited by 1,458
Zhao, Q., Qi, H. J., & Xie, T. (2015) · Progress in Polymer Science · doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.04.001 · Cited by 1,409
Soft Actuators for Small-Scale Robotics
Hines, L., Petersen, K., Lum, G. Z., & Sitti, M. (2017) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201603483 · Cited by 1,337
A review of stimuli-responsive shape memory polymer composites
Meng, H., & Li, G. (2013) · Polymer · doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2013.02.023 · Cited by 1,190
Voxelated liquid crystal elastomers
Ware, T. H., McConney, M. E., Wie, J. J., Tondiglia, V. P., & White, T. J. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1261019 · Cited by 1,161
Photocontrol of fluid slugs in liquid crystal polymer microactuators
Lv, J., Liu, Y., Wei, J., Chen, E., Qin, L., & Yu, Y. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature19344 · Cited by 1,052
Dynamic Covalent Polymer Networks: from Old Chemistry to Modern Day Innovations
Zou, W., Dong, J., Luo, Y., Zhao, Q., & Xie, T. (2017) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201606100 · Cited by 1,014
Palagi, S., Mark, A. G., Reigh, S. Y., Melde, K., Qiu, T., Zeng, H., Parmeggiani, C., Martella, D., Sanchez-Castillo, A., Kapernaum, N., et al. (2016) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat4569 · Cited by 967
Bisoyi, H. K., & Li, Q. (2016) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00415 · Cited by 939
Shape memory polymers: Past, present and future developments
Hager, M. D., Bode, S., Weber, C., & Schubert, U. S. (2015) · Progress in Polymer Science · doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.04.002 · Cited by 950
Mouldable liquid-crystalline elastomer actuators with exchangeable covalent bonds
Pei, Z., Yang, Y., Chen, Q., Terentjev, E. M., Wei, Y., & Ji, Y. J. (2013) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat3812 · Cited by 898
Liquid Crystals: Versatile Self-Organized Smart Soft Materials
Bisoyi, H. K., & Li, Q. (2021) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761 · Cited by 816
Lagerwall, J. P. F., & Scalia, G. (2012) · Current Applied Physics · doi:10.1016/j.cap.2012.03.019 · Cited by 802
3D printing of liquid crystal elastomeric actuators with spatially programed nematic order
Kotikian, A., Truby, R. L., Boley, J. W., White, T. J., & Lewis, J. A. (2018) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201706164 · Cited by 768
Photochromism into nanosystems: towards lighting up the future nanoworld.
Wang, L., & Li, Q. (2018) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c7cs00630f · Cited by 407
Expansion–contraction of photoresponsive artificial muscle regulated by host–guest interactions
Takashima, Y., Hatanaka, S., Otsubo, M., Nakahata, M., Kakuta, T., Hashidzume, A., Yamaguchi, H., & Harada, A. (2012) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms2280 · Cited by 726
Reprogrammable recovery and actuation behaviour of shape-memory polymers
Lendlein, A., & Gould, O. E. C. (2019) · Nature Reviews Materials · doi:10.1038/s41578-018-0078-8 · Cited by 723
Palagi, S., & Fischer, P. (2018) · Nature Reviews Materials · doi:10.1038/s41578-018-0016-9 · Cited by 716
A light-driven artificial flytrap
Wani, O. M., Zeng, H., & Priimägi, A. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms15546 · Cited by 705
Light-driven micro/nanomotors: from fundamentals to applications
Xu, L., Mou, F., Gong, H., Luo, M., & Guan, J. (2017) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c7cs00516d · Cited by 637
Tailorable and programmable liquid-crystalline elastomers using a two-stage thiol–acrylate reaction
Yakacki, C. M., Saed, M. O., Nair, D. P., Gong, T., Reed, S. M., & Bowman, C. N. (2015) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c5ra01039j · Cited by 575
He, Q., Wang, Z., Wang, Y., Minori, A. F., Tolley, M. T., & Cai, S. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax5746 · Cited by 569
Tee, B. C. K., Chortos, A., Dunn, R. R., Schwartz, G., Eason, E. V., & Bao, Z. (2014) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201400712 · Cited by 546
Miyamae, K., Nakahata, M., Takashima, Y., & Harada, A. (2015) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201502957 · Cited by 532
Zhang, X., Pint, C. L., Lee, M. H., Schubert, B., Jamshidi, A., Takei, K., Ko, H., Gillies, A. G., Bardhan, R., Urban, J. J., et al. (2011) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl201503e · Cited by 529
Photodeformable Azobenzene‐Containing Liquid Crystal Polymers and Soft Actuators
Pang, X., Lv, J., Zhu, C., Qin, L., & Yu, Y. (2019) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201904224 · Cited by 517
Biomimetic Hydrogel‐Based Actuating Systems
Ionov, L. (2013) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201203692 · Cited by 471
Design of Collective Motions from Synthetic Molecular Switches, Rotors, and Motors
Dattler, D., Fuks, G., Heiser, J., Moulin, É., Perrot, A., Yao, X., & Giuseppone, N. (2019) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00288 · Cited by 463
Functional epoxy vitrimers and composites
Yang, Y., Xu, Y., Ji, Y. J., & Wei, Y. (2020) · Progress in Materials Science · doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100710 · Cited by 479
Light‐Fueled Microscopic Walkers
Zeng, H., Wasylczyk, P., Parmeggiani, C., Martella, D., Burresi, M., & Wiersma, D. S. (2015) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201501446 · Cited by 452
Materials, Actuators, and Sensors for Soft Bioinspired Robots
Ilami, M., Bagheri, H., Ahmed, R. J., Skowronek, E. O., & Marvi, H. (2020) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202003139 · Cited by 443
Self‐Regulating Iris Based on Light‐Actuated Liquid Crystal Elastomer
Zeng, H., Wani, O. M., Wasylczyk, P., Kaczmarek, R. T., & Priimägi, A. (2017) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201701814 · Cited by 440
Soft Ultrathin Electronics Innervated Adaptive Fully Soft Robots
Wang, C., Sim, K., Jin, C., Kim, H., Rao, Z., Li, Y., Chen, W., Song, J., Verduzco, R., & Yu, C. (2018) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201706695 · Cited by 438
Wang, L., Urbas, A. M., & Li, Q. (2018) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201801335 · Cited by 439
Lugger, S. J. D., Houben, S. J. A., Foelen, Y., Debije, M. G., Schenning, A. P. H. J., & Mulder, D. J. (2021) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00330 · Cited by 429
Bioinspired Polymer Systems with Stimuli-Responsive Mechanical Properties
de Espinosa, L. M., Meesorn, W., Moatsou, D., & Weder, C. (2017) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00168 · Cited by 422
Pros and Cons: Magnetic versus Optical Microrobots
Sitti, M., & Wiersma, D. S. (2020) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201906766 · Cited by 399
Liquid crystal elastomer actuators: Synthesis, alignment, and applications
Kularatne, R. S., Kim, H., Boothby, J. M., & Ware, T. H. (2017) · Journal of Polymer Science Part B Polymer Physics · doi:10.1002/polb.24287 · Cited by 405
Lu, X., Guo, S., Tong, X., Xia, H., & Zhao, Y. (2017) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201606467 · Cited by 397
Chemical and biological sensing using liquid crystals
Carlton, R. J., Hunter, J. T., Miller, D. S., Abbasi, R., Mushenheim, P. C., Tan, L. N., & Abbott, N. L. (2013) · Liquid Crystals Reviews · doi:10.1080/21680396.2013.769310 · Cited by 392
Molecularly-engineered, 4D-printed liquid crystal elastomer actuators
Saed, M. O., Ambulo, C. P., Kim, H., De, R., Raval, V., Searles, K., Siddiqui, D. A., Cue, J. M. O., Stefan, M. C., Shankar, M. R., et al. (2019) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201806412 · Cited by 383
Light Robots: Bridging the Gap between Microrobotics and Photomechanics in Soft Materials
Zeng, H., Wasylczyk, P., Wiersma, D. S., & Priimägi, A. (2017) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201703554 · Cited by 383
Lu, X., Zhang, H., Fei, G., Yu, B., Tong, X., Xia, H., & Zhao, Y. (2018) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201706597 · Cited by 371
Advanced Functional Liquid Crystals
Uchida, J., Soberats, B., Gupta, M., & Kato, T. (2022) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202109063 · Cited by 374
Malleable and Recyclable Thermosets: The Next Generation of Plastics
Jin, Y., Lei, Z., Taynton, P., Huang, S., & Zhang, W. (2019) · Matter · doi:10.1016/j.matt.2019.09.004 · Cited by 360
de Haan, L. T., Verjans, J. M. N., Broer, D. J., Bastiaansen, C. W. M., & Schenning, A. P. H. J. (2014) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja505475x · Cited by 351
Engineering of Complex Order and the Macroscopic Deformation of Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks
de Haan, L. T., Sánchez‐Somolinos, C., Bastiaansen, C. W. M., Schenning, A. P. H. J., & Broer, D. J. (2012) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201205964 · Cited by 350
Bioinspired Stimuli‐Responsive Color‐Changing Systems
Isapour, G., & Lattuada, M. (2018) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201707069 · Cited by 351
Bioinspired light-driven soft robots based on liquid crystal polymers
da Cunha, M. P., Debije, M. G., & Schenning, A. P. H. J. (2020) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/d0cs00363h · Cited by 344
Direct Ink Writing Based 4D Printing of Materials and Their Applications
Wan, X., Luo, L., Liu, Y., & Leng, J. (2020) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202001000 · Cited by 344
Thermally-induced two-way shape memory polymers: Mechanisms, structures, and applications
Zare, M., Prabhakaran, M. P., Parvin, N., & Ramakrishna, S. (2019) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.05.167 · Cited by 330
Fleischmann, E., & Zentel, R. (2013) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201300371 · Cited by 343
Self-citationMcCracken, J. M., Donovan, B. R., & White, T. J. (2020) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201906564 · Cited by 338
Thermotropic Ionic Liquid Crystals
Axenov, K. V., & Laschat, S. (2011) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma4010206 · Cited by 331
“Nowadays, materials forming liquid crystalline phases (mesophases) have found wide applications in the manufacturing of displays [2], spatial light modulators [3], optical connectors and switches [4], molecular sensors and detectors [5,6], and in many other topics [7].”
BackgroundPolymer Design for 3D Printing Elastomers: Recent Advances in Structure, Properties, and Printing
Herzberger, J., Sirrine, J. M., Williams, C. B., & Long, T. E. (2019) · Progress in Polymer Science · doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101144 · Cited by 344
“2D or not 2D”: Shape-programming polymer sheets
Liu, Y., Genzer, J., & Dickey, M. D. (2015) · Progress in Polymer Science · doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.09.001 · Cited by 330
Universal inverse design of surfaces with thin nematic elastomer sheets
Aharoni, H., Xia, Y., Zhang, X., Kamien, R. D., & Yang, S. M. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1804702115 · Cited by 326
“Compared with osmosis-driven hydrogel-based responsive materials, LCEs are characterized with high mechanical strength and quick response (∼ 100ms) (17), while exhibiting large anisotropic local deformations (∼ 300%) in response to a variety of external stimuli (18), e.”
Reconfigurable photoactuator through synergistic use of photochemical and photothermal effects
Lahikainen, M., Zeng, H., & Priimägi, A. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06647-7 · Cited by 324
Liquid crystal elastomers: an introduction and review of emerging technologies
Ula, S. W., Traugutt, N. A., Volpe, R. H., Patel, R. R., Yu, K., & Yakacki, C. M. (2018) · Liquid Crystals Reviews · doi:10.1080/21680396.2018.1530155 · Cited by 320
“A third method for creating LCEs is ring-opening metathesis polymerization, or ROMP [12,31,63], which involves breaking a double bond to relieve ring strain in an alkene [64,65].”
BackgroundMethodInnervated, Self‐Sensing Liquid Crystal Elastomer Actuators with Closed Loop Control
Kotikian, A., Ferrer, J. M. M., Lu, A., Mueller, J., Davidson, Z. S., Boley, J. W., & Lewis, J. A. (2021) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202101814 · Cited by 307
Tuned, driven, and active soft matter
Menzel, A. M. (2014) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2014.10.001 · Cited by 290
Lu, H., Wang, M., Chen, X., Lin, B., & Yang, H. (2019) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.9b06757 · Cited by 292
Kirigami‐Based Light‐Induced Shape‐Morphing and Locomotion
Cheng, Y., Lu, H., Lee, X. X., Zeng, H., & Priimägi, A. (2019) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201906233 · Cited by 293
Wang, Z., Tian, H., He, Q., & Cai, S. (2017) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.7b09246 · Cited by 282
Soft Sensors and Actuators for Wearable Human–Machine Interfaces
Park, J., Lee, Y., Cho, S., Choe, A., Yeom, J., Ro, Y. G., Kim, J., Kang, D., Lee, S., & Ko, H. (2024) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00356 · Cited by 291
Zhang, X., Chen, L., Lim, K. H., Gonuguntla, S., Lim, K. W., Pranantyo, D., Yong, W. P., Yam, W. J. T., Low, Z., Teo, W. J., et al. (2019) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201804540 · Cited by 275
Digital light processing of liquid crystal elastomers for self-sensing artificial muscles
Li, S., Bai, H., Liu, Z., Zhang, X., Huang, C., Wiesner, L. W., Silberstein, M. N., & Shepherd, R. F. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg3677 · Cited by 271
Shape-Programmed Folding of Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Bilayers
Stoychev, G. V., Zakharchenko, S., Turcaud, S., Dunlop, J., & Ionov, L. (2012) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn300079f · Cited by 267
A plant tendril mimic soft actuator with phototunable bending and chiral twisting motion modes
Wang, M., Lin, B., & Yang, H. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms13981 · Cited by 264
Stimuli-responsive functional materials for soft robotics
Shen, Z., Chen, F., Zhu, X., Yong, K., & Gu, G. (2020) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d0tb01585g · Cited by 260
Programming the shape-shifting of flat soft matter
van Manen, T., Janbaz, S., & ZADPOOR, A. A. (2017) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2017.08.026 · Cited by 257
A Light‐Powered Ultralight Tensegrity Robot with High Deformability and Load Capacity
Wang, Z., Li, K., He, Q., & Cai, S. (2018) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201806849 · Cited by 255
Photomobile Liquid‐Crystalline Elastomers with Rearrangeable Networks
Ube, T., Kawasaki, K., & Ikeda, T. (2016) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201602745 · Cited by 249
Light‐Driven, Caterpillar‐Inspired Miniature Inching Robot
Zeng, H., Wani, O. M., Wasylczyk, P., & Priimägi, A. (2017) · Macromolecular Rapid Communications · doi:10.1002/marc.201700224 · Cited by 249
Regional Shape Control of Strategically Assembled Multishape Memory Vitrimers
Pei, Z., Yang, Y., Chen, Q., Wei, Y., & Ji, Y. (2016) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201503789 · Cited by 250
Intelligently Actuating Liquid Crystal Elastomer‐Carbon Nanotube Composites
Kim, H., Lee, J. A., Ambulo, C. P., Lee, H., Kim, S. H., Naik, V. V., Haines, C. S., Aliev, A. E., Ovalle‐Robles, R., Baughman, R. H., et al. (2019) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201905063 · Cited by 251
Iris‐Like Tunable Aperture Employing Liquid‐Crystal Elastomers
Schuhladen, S., Preller, F., Rix, R., Petsch, S., Zentel, R., & Zappe, H. P. (2014) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201402878 · Cited by 246
Self-citationTransparent Soft Actuators/Sensors and Camouflage Skins for Imperceptible Soft Robotics
Won, P., Kim, K. K., Kim, H., Park, J. J., Ha, I., Shin, J., Jung, J., Cho, H., Kwon, J., Lee, H., et al. (2020) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202002397 · Cited by 248
Liu, D., & Broer, D. J. (2014) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la500454d · Cited by 242
Multi-functional liquid crystal elastomer composites
Wang, Y., Liu, J., & Yang, S. M. (2022) · Applied Physics Reviews · doi:10.1063/5.0075471 · Cited by 249
Wavelength‐Selective, IR Light‐Driven Hinges Based on Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Composites
Kohlmeyer, R. R., & Chen, J. (2013) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201210232 · Cited by 242
Bioinspired Design of Light‐Powered Crawling, Squeezing, and Jumping Untethered Soft Robot
Ahn, C., Liang, X., & Cai, S. (2019) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.201900185 · Cited by 244
Visible and infrared three-wavelength modulated multi-directional actuators
Zuo, B., Wang, M., Lin, B., & Yang, H. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12583-x · Cited by 244
Broer, D. J., Bastiaansen, C. W. M., Debije, M. G., & Schenning, A. P. H. J. (2012) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201200883 · Cited by 240
Accordion‐like Actuators of Multiple 3D Patterned Liquid Crystal Polymer Films
de Haan, L. T., Gimenez‐Pinto, V., Konya, A., Nguyen, T., Verjans, J. M. N., Sánchez‐Somolinos, C., Selinger, J. V., Selinger, R. L. B., Broer, D. J., & Schenning, A. P. H. J. (2013) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201302568 · Cited by 239
Light-fuelled freestyle self-oscillators
Zeng, H., Lahikainen, M., Liu, L., Ahmed, Z., Wani, O. M., Wang, M., Yang, H., & Priimägi, A. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13077-6 · Cited by 241
Exchangeable Liquid Crystalline Elastomers and Their Applications
Saed, M. O., Gablier, A., & Terentjev, E. M. (2021) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01057 · Cited by 243
Human-muscle-inspired single fibre actuator with reversible percolation
Kim, I. H., Choi, S., Lee, J., Jung, J., Yeo, J., Kim, J. T., Ryu, S., Ahn, S., Kang, J., Poulin, P., et al. (2022) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-022-01220-2 · Cited by 245
Multimodal Soft Robotic Actuation and Locomotion
Yao, D. R., Kim, I. H., Yin, S., & Gao, W. F. (2024) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202308829 · Cited by 239
Soft microorigami: self-folding polymer films
Ionov, L. (2011) · Soft Matter · doi:10.1039/c1sm05476g · Cited by 233
Liu, L., Liu, M., Deng, L., Lin, B., & Yang, H. (2017) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.7b06410 · Cited by 235
Shape morphing smart 3D actuator materials for micro soft robot
Kim, H., Ahn, S., Mackie, D. M., Kwon, J., Kim, S. H., Choi, C., Moon, Y. H., Lee, H., & Ko, S. H. (2020) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2020.06.005 · Cited by 241
Organic Photomechanical Materials
Kim, T., Zhu, L., Al‐Kaysi, R. O., & Bardeen, C. J. (2014) · ChemPhysChem · doi:10.1002/cphc.201300906 · Cited by 234
Light‐Responsive Shape‐Changing Polymers
Stoychev, G. V., Kirillova, A., & Ionov, L. (2019) · Advanced Optical Materials · doi:10.1002/adom.201900067 · Cited by 235
Jiang, Z., Xu, M., Li, F., & Yu, Y. (2013) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja406020r · Cited by 227
Nakahata, M., Takashima, Y., Hashidzume, A., & Harada, A. (2013) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201300862 · Cited by 226
Ube, T., & Ikeda, T. (2014) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201400513 · Cited by 221
Soft Actuators and Robotic Devices for Rehabilitation and Assistance
Pan, M., Yuan, C., Liang, X., Dong, T., Liu, T., Zhang, J., Zou, J. T., Yang, H., & Bowen, C. (2021) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202100140 · Cited by 223
Metadata
- Authors
- Ohm, C., Brehmer, M., & Zentel, R.
- Affiliations
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Zentel, Rudolf
- Venue
- Advanced Materials
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-08-04
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 31
- Pages
- 3366-3387
- ISSN
- 0935-9648 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-4095
- OpenAlex
- W2045022361
- Cited by
- 1,169
- References
- 142
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 100 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 8.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advanced Materials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Advanced Materials and Mechanics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Liquid Crystal Research Advancements
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Dielectric materials and actuators
- Keywords
- liquid crystal elastomers, actuators, sensors, polymer orientation, structure-property relationships, smart materials
- MeSH terms
- Chemistry Techniques, Analytical, Elasticity, Structure-Activity Relationship, Elastomers, Biomimetics, Liquid Crystals, Analytic Sample Preparation Methods
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review