Stereotypic and self-injurious behavior in rhesus macaques: a survey and retrospective analysis of environment and early experience.

Lutz, Corrine; Well, Arnold; Novak, Melinda

doi:10.1002/ajp.10075

Cited by 285Animal Behavior and Welfare StudiesPrimate Behavior and EcologyBehavioral and Psychological Studies

Stereotypic and self-injurious behavior in rhesus macaques: a survey and retrospective analysis of environment and early experience.

Lutz, Corrine, Well, Arnold, Novak, Melinda·2003·American Journal of Primatology

DOI 10.1002/ajp.10075

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Abnormal behavior in captive rhesus monkeys can range from active whole-body and self-directed stereotypies to self-injurious behavior (SIB). Although abnormal behaviors are common in singly-housed rhesus monkeys, the type and frequency of these behaviors are highly variable across individual animals, and the factors influencing them are equally varied. The purpose of this investigation was to survey abnormal behavior in a large population of rhesus macaques, to characterize the relationship between stereotypies and self-injury, and to identify potential risk factors for these aberrant behaviors. Behavioral assessments of 362 individually housed rhesus monkeys were collected at the New England Regional Primate Research Center (NERPRC) and combined with colony records. Of the 362 animals surveyed, 321 exhibited at least one abnormal behavior (mean: 2.3, range: 1-8). The most common behavior was pacing. Sex differences were apparent, with males showing more abnormal behavior than females. SIB was also associated with stereotypies. Animals with a veterinary record of self-injury exhibited a greater number of self-directed stereotypies than those that did not self-injure. Housing and protocol conditions, such as individual housing at an early age, longer time housed individually, greater number of blood draws, and nursery rearing, were shown to be risk factors for abnormal behavior. Thus, many factors may influence the development and maintenance of abnormal behavior in captive primates. Some of these factors are intrinsic to the individual (e.g., sex effects), whereas others are related to colony management practices, rearing conditions, and research protocols.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/ajp.10075

Cites

47 of 47 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Several authors have demonstrated the prevalence of abnormal behaviors, ranging from whole-body stereotypies to self-injurious behaviors, in chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates in captivity.
“Several authors have demonstrated the prevalence of abnormal behaviors, ranging from whole-body stereotypies to self-injurious behaviors, in chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates in captivity [6], [15], [17], [18].”
From Signs of mood and anxiety disorders in chimpanzees (2011) · cites this paper as [15]

Stereotypies: a critical review
Mason, G. J. (1991) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80640-2 · Cited by 1,302 · see citing works
Self-mutilation in clinical and general population samples: Prevalence, correlates, and functions.
Briere, J., & Gil, E. (1998) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/h0080369 · Cited by 956 · see citing works
The motivation of self-injurious behavior: A review of some hypotheses.
Carr, E. G. (1977) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.84.4.800 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Social deprivation in monkeys
Harry, F., & Harlow, M. K. (1962) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1162-136 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Self‐injurious behavior in rhesus monkeys: New insights into its etiology, physiology, and treatment
Novak, M. A. (2003) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.10063 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prevalence of self-injurious behaviors in a large state facility for the retarded: A three-year follow-up study
Schroeder, S. R., Schroeder, C. S., Smith, B., & Dalldorf, J. S. (1978) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01539629 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
The effect of rearing conditions on behavior.
Harlow, H. F., & Mk, H. (1962) · PubMed · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Emergence and maintenance of stereotypy and self-injury.
Guess, D., & Carr, E. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Stereotyped movements of mental defectives. I. Initial survey.
Berkson, G., & Rk, D. (1962) · PubMed · Cited by 178 · see citing works
The Basic Practice of Statistics.
Leysieffer, F. W., & Moore, D. S. (1999) · American Mathematical Monthly · doi:10.2307/2589073 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-injurious and stereotypic behavior of noninstitutionalized mentally retarded people: prevalence and classification.
Rojahn, J. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Stereotypy in monkeys and humans
Ridley, R. M., & Baker, H. F. (1982) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700043294 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Factors predicting increased incidence of abnormal behavior in male pigtailed macaques
Bellanca, R. U., & Crockett, C. M. (2002) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.10052 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Effects of Different Environmental Enrichment Devices on Cage Stereotypies and Autoaggression in Captive Cynomolgus Monkeys
Bryant, C. E., Rupniak, N. M. J., & Iversen, S. D. (1988) · Journal of Medical Primatology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0684.1988.tb00388.x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Behavioral Effects of Prolonged Partial Social Isolation in the Rhesus Monkey
Suomi, S. J., Harlow, H. F., & Kimball, S. D. (1971) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1971.29.3f.1171 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Repetitive stereotyped behaviors.
Berkson, G. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-mutilation in schizophrenic children.
Green, A. H. (1967) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1967.01730260106015 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The social effects of stereotyped behaviour
Jones, R. S. P., WINT, D., & ELLIS, N. C. (1990) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1990.tb01537.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
AN ANALYSIS OF VARIABLES RELATED TO SELF‐INJURIOUS BEHAVIOUR AMONG INSTITUTIONALISED RETARDED PERSONS
MAISTO, C. R., Baumeister, A., & Maisto, A. A. (1978) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1978.tb00960.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The reduction of abnormal behaviors in individually housed rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with a foraging/grooming board
Bayne, K. A. L., Mainzer, H., Dexter, S., Campbell, G., Yamada, F., & Suomi, S. J. (1991) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.1350230104 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-injurious behavior: A state-wide prevalence survey of the extent and circumstances
Griffin, J. C., Williams, D. E., Stark, M. T., Altmeyer, B. K., & Mason, M. (1986) · Applied Research in Mental Retardation · doi:10.1016/0270-3092(86)90022-6 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Stereotyped Behaviors of Chimpanzees: Relation to General Arousal and Alternative Activities
Berkson, G., & Mason, W. A. (1964) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1964.19.2.635 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Stereotyped Behavior and Cage Size
Draper, W. A., & Bernstein, I. S. (1963) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1963.16.1.231 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
A STUDY OF THREE STEREOTYPED BEHAVIORS IN INSTITUTIONALIZED MENTAL DEFECTIVES.
Kaufman, M. E., & LEVITT, H. (1965) · PubMed · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Development of abnormal setereotyped behaviors
Berkson, G. (1968) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.420010210 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Tool use in wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus albifrons trinitatis)
Phillips, K. A. (1998) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1998)46:3 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Social isolation rearing: Species differences in behavior of macaque monkeys.
Sackett, G. P., Holm, R. A., & Ruppenthal, G. C. (1976) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.12.4.283 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Determinants of amounts of stereotyped behavior in normal human infants
Thelen, E. (1980) · Ethology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1016/0162-3095(80)90004-7 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Stereotyped Mannerisms in Mentally Retarded Persons: Animal Models and Theoretical Analyses
Lewis, M. H., & Baumeister, A. A. (1982) · International review of research in mental retardation · doi:10.1016/s0074-7750(08)60291-8 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Adrenal cortical response in clinically normal dogs before and after adaptation to a housing environment
Garnier, F., Benoǐt, E., Virat, M., Ochoa, R., & Delatour, P. (1990) · Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1258/002367790780890356 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Aging in rhesus monkeys: Different windows on behavioral continuity and change.
Suomi, S. J., Novak, M. A., & Well, A. D. (1996) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.32.6.1116 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citation
Abnormal Behavior in Non-Isolate-Reared Rhesus Monkeys
Erwin, J. M., Mitchell, G., & Maple, T. L. (1973) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1973.33.2.515 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Aging in rhesus monkeys: Different windows on behavioral continuity and change.
Suomi, S. J., Novak, M. A., & Well, A. D. (1996) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.32.6.1116 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citation
Behavioral effects of enrichment on pair‐housed juvenile rhesus monkeys
Schapiro, S. J., & Bloomsmith, M. A. (1994) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.1350320302 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Consistency and variability in the behavior of mature, isolation-reared, male rhesus macaques
Fittinghoff, N. A., Lindburg, D. G., Gomber, J., et al. (1974) · Primates · doi:10.1007/bf01742276 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-aggression and social aggression in laboratory-reared macaques.
Anderson, J. R., & Chamove, A. S. (1980) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.89.4.539 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-aggression and social aggression in laboratory-reared macaques.
Anderson, J. R., & Chamove, A. S. (1980) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.89.4.539 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
NONNUTRITIVE SUCKING AND RESPONSE THERSHOLDS IN YOUNG INFANTS
Wolff, P. H., & SIMMONS, M. A. (1967) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1967.tb04584.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Assessing the Value of Television as Environmental Enrichment for Individually Housed Rhesus Monkeys: A Behavioral Economic Approach.
Harris, L. D., Briand, E. J., Orth, R., et al. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Human Ethology: Displacement Activities in a Dental Office
Barash, D. P. (1974) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1974.34.3.947 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
ABNORMAL STEREOTYPED MOVEMENTS OF MARMOSETS
Berkson, G., Goodrich, J., & Kraft, I. A. (1966) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1966.23.2.491 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Development of Head Banging in a Young Rhesus Monkey
Levison, C. A. (1979) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-023725-1.50041-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Typical and atypical repetitive motor behaviors in young children at risk for severe mental retardation.
Wehmeyer, M. L. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-aggression in macaques: Five case studies
Pond, C. L., & Rush, H. G. (1983) · Primates · doi:10.1007/bf02381460 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Old, socially housed rhesus monkeys manipulate objects
Novak, M. A., Musante, A., Munroe, H., et al. (1993) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430120306 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
Repeated separations of 2‐year‐old squirrel monkeys from familiar mother surrogates
McGrogan, H. J., & King, J. E. (1982) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.1350030126 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Untitled work
Nash, L. (1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1999)48:1

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

The Flaws and Human Harms of Animal Experimentation
AKHTAR, A. (2015) · Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics · doi:10.1017/s0963180115000079 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Activation of the Maternal Immune System During Pregnancy Alters Behavioral Development of Rhesus Monkey Offspring
Bauman, M. D., Iosif, A.-M., Smith, S. E. P., Bregere, C., Amaral, D. G., & Patterson, P. H. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.06.025 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Stereotypies and hyperactivity in rhesus monkeys exposed to IgG from mothers of children with autism
Martin, L. A., Ashwood, P., Braunschweig, D., Cabanlit, M., Van de Water, J., & Amaral, D. G. (2008) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.12.007 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Maternal antibodies from mothers of children with autism alter brain growth and social behavior development in the rhesus monkey
Bauman, M. D., Iosif, A.-M., Ashwood, P., Braunschweig, D., Lee, A., Schumann, C. M., Van de Water, J., & Amaral, D. G. (2013) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2013.47 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Signs of mood and anxiety disorders in chimpanzees
Ferdowsian, H. R., Durham, D. L., Kimwele, C., Kranendonk, G., Otali, E., Akugizibwe, T., Mulcahy, J. B., Ajarova, L., & Johnson, C. M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019855 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“Several authors have demonstrated the prevalence of abnormal behaviors, ranging from whole-body stereotypies to self-injurious behaviors, in chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates in captivity [6], [15], [17], [18].”
Background
To pace or not to pace? A review of what abnormal repetitive behavior tells us about zoo animal management
Rose, P. E., Nash, S. M., & Riley, L. M. (2017) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2017.02.007 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Stereotypies in children with a history of early institutional care
Bos, K. J., Zeanah, C. H., Smyke, A. T., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2010) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.47 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Zoo animal welfare assessment: where do we stand?
Tallo-Parra, O., Salas, M., & Manteca, X. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13121966 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Putative neural consequences of captivity for elephants and cetaceans
Jacobs, B., Rally, H., Doyle, C., O’Brien, L., Tennison, M., & Marino, L. (2022) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2021-0100 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Individual differences in Scanpaths correspond with serotonin transporter genotype and behavioral phenotype in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Gibboni, R. (2009) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.08.050.2009 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Maintenance of amphetamine-induced stereotypy and locomotion requires ongoing dopamine receptor activation
Conti, L. H., Segal, D. S., & Kuczenski, R. T. (1997) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050227 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Effect of intracerebroventricularly injection sodium nitroprusside on rat’s stereotypy locomotor
Liu, J. (2005) · Zhonghua xingwei yixue yu naokexue zazhi · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Time course of amphetamine-induced locomotor stereotypy in an open field
Mueller, K., Kunko, P. M., Whiteside, D., et al. (1989) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00589899 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Two dissociable components of behavioral sensitization following repeated amphetamine administration
Leith, N. J., & Kuczenski, R. T. (1982) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00449116 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
[Behavioral assessment of neuroleptics (2)--stereotypy].
Koshikawa, N. (1992) · PubMed

Authors: Lutz, C., Well, A., & Novak, M.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
Corresponding author: Lutz, Corrine
ORCID: Lutz, Corrine
Novak, Melinda
Venue: American Journal of Primatology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2003-05
Volume: 60
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-15
ISSN: 0275-2565 (ISSN-L)
1098-2345
DOI: 10.1002/ajp.10075
OpenAlex: W1997180163
Cited by: 285
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 16.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 5 d)
Locations: American Journal of Primatology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Center for Research Resources (#RR11122, RR00 168, R24RR011122)
Topics: Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Keywords: stereotypy, self-harm, rhesus monkeys, abnormal behavior, captive primates, pacing, individual housing, early life experience, nursery rearing, venipuncture, sex differences, risk factors, colony management, veterinary records
MeSH terms: Aging, Animals, Animal Husbandry, Female, Housing, Animal, Macaca mulatta, Male, Regression Analysis, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sex Characteristics, Stereotyped Behavior, Time Factors, Odds Ratio, Self-Injurious Behavior

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Stereotypic and self-injurious behavior in rhesus macaques: a survey and retrospective analysis of environment and early experience.

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks