Risk factors for dementia in Brazil: differences by region and race
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: Twelve risk factors (RFs) account for 40% of dementia cases worldwide. However, most data for population attributable fractions (PAFs) are from high‐income countries (HIC). We estimated how much these RFs account for dementia cases in Brazil, stratifying estimates by race and socioeconomic level. Methods: We calculated the prevalence and communalities of 12 RFs using 9412 Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging participants, then stratified according to self‐reported race and country macro‐regions. Results: The overall weighted PAF was 48.2%. Less education had the largest PAF (7.7%), followed by hypertension (7.6%), and hearing loss (6.8%). PAF was 49.0% and 54.0% in the richest and poorest regions, respectively. PAFs were similar among White and Black individuals (47.8% and 47.2%, respectively) but the importance of the main RF varied by race. Discussion: Brazil's potential for dementia prevention is higher than in HIC. Education, hypertension, and hearing loss should be priority targets.
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There is a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, excessive alcohol, less education, traumatic brain injury and exposure to air pollution in those from lower socioeconomic groups in high-income countries, and with lower income level.
“There is a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, excessive alcohol, less education, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and exposure to air pollution in those from lower socioeconomic groups in HICs, and with lower income level.(48-50)”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission (2024) · cites this paper as [48]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports a higher combined dementia-risk-factor burden in poorer Brazilian regions and identifies less education as their most important factor. It does not establish that every listed factor is more prevalent among lower socioeconomic groups or lower-income people in high-income countries; the study’s regional comparison is in Brazil. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Self-citationRural-urban disparities in cognitive performance in Brazil and Mexico
Gonçalves, N. G., Paradela, R. S., Avila, J. C., Bertola, L., Ferri, C. P., Wong, R., & Suemoto, C. K. (2025) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2025.2502780 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationAddressing global diversity in dementia research with the COSMIC collaboration
Lipnicki, D. M., Vella, A. S., Jiang, J., Mewton, L. R., Matison, A. P., Mather, K. A., Thalamuthu, A., Catts, V. S., Chen, R., Husein, N. K., et al. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.07.036 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Self-citationCaring for people with dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic:a systematic review
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The landscape of dementia research in Brazil from 2010 to 2021: a Scopus-based bibliometric study
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Does Frailty Predict Cognitive and Functional Deficits After Nine Years?
de Santana, B. R. F., de Assumpção, D., Borim, F. S. A., Aprahamian, I., Corona, L. P., Batistoni, S. S. T., Falcão, D. V. D. S., Cachioni, M., de Melo, R. C., Neri, A. L., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.70104 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Literacy, but not memory, is associated with hippocampal connectivity in illiterate adults
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Self-citationRural-urban disparities in fruit and vegetable consumption and cognitive performance in Brazil
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Alzheimer's disease: part 2 – the present
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Castilhos, R. M., Leotti, V. B., Feter, N., Goulart, A. C., Brunoni, A. R., Suemoto, C. K., Giatti, L., Viana, M. C., Barreto, S. M., Matos, S. M. A., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2025.101184 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Association of Moderate and Vigorous Physical Activity With Cognitive Performance
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Palma, L. F., Bom, R. C., Pulgatti, K. L., Alexandre-Silva, V., Bomfim, A. J. D. L., Cominetti, M. R., & Pelegrini, L. N. D. C. (2025) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2025.2500649 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Self-citationBaseline characterization of dementia cases from a reference center in Recife, Northeast Brazil
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Towards a Latin American NeuropsychiatryPreprint
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Self-citationCharacterization of swallowing in older adults with dementia
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Caracterização da deglutição de idosos com demência
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Potentially modifiable risk factors for dementia in Norway: the HUNT4 70+ Study
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Self-citationConstruction of a classification model for dementia among Brazilian adults aged 50 and over
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Dementia and cognitive decline in Black Brazilians: a narrative review
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Cardiovascular risk factors and regional neuropathology in autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer disease
Garcia, D., Wang, H.-P., Saito, N., Beckett, L. A., Honig, L. S., DeCarli, C. S., Rissman, R. A., Teich, A. F., Mungas, D., Jin, L., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlag081
- Authors
- Suemoto, C. K., Mukadam, N., Brucki, S. M. D., Caramelli, P., Nitrini, R., Laks, J., Livingston, G., & Ferri, C. P.
- Affiliations
- Division of Geriatrics Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
- University College London (GB)
- Department of Neurology Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (BR)
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (BR)
- Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (BR)
- Venue
- Alzheimer's & Dementia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2022-11-03
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1849-1857
- ISSN
- 1552-5260 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5279
- OpenAlex
- W4308052780
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 13.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Alzheimer s & Dementia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Keywords
- dementia risk factors, population attributable fraction
- MeSH terms
- Brazil, Dementia, Humans, Hypertension, Longitudinal Studies, Risk Factors, Hearing Loss
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