Modulation of use‐dependent plasticity by d‐amphetamine

“1Hz, a rate that does not affect motor cortical excitability.(31) Subjects occasionally realized that the thumb had moved but could not determine its direction.”

“Recently other groups have reported positive findings in post-lesioned animals after AMPH administration (Atkins and Jones, 2005; Barbay et al., 2006; Bütefisch et al., 2002; Papadopoulos et al., 2009; Stroemer et al., 1998).”

“Similarly, D-amphetamine, which causes release of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin, has also been shown to enhance training-induced changes in TMS responses.(166,167) Another study showed increasing norepinephrine levels using selective norepinephrinereuptake inhibitor reboxetine caused improvements in gross mot…”

“suggested in motor skill learning in humans (Butefisch et al. 2002; Sawaki et al. 2002; Floel et al. 2005a; Palminteri et al. 2011; Lissek et al. 2014).”

“The primary motor cortex (M1) can be modified by motor practice, commonly referred to as use-dependent plasticity (UDP) (Nudo et al., 1996; Classen et al., 1998; Bütefisch et al., 2000, 2002).”

“However, to date, this has only been demonstrated in animal models and clinical trials with these drugs have mainly been conducted with stroke patients as well as health human participants [39–41].”

“The clinical syndrome of cortical blindness with a complete loss of visual perception can occur after a bioccipital infarction in the visual cortex areas 17, 18 and most of area 19 [5].”

“[ 14 ] 6 R -D B -C O -P C N or m al D -A M P 10 m g be fo re”

“Interesting new studies have shown that TMS can be used to monitor cortical plasticity associated with motor learning in normal subjects.(66,67) This plasticity can be augmented by administration of amphetamine and blocked by other drugs, including dextromethorphan and lorazepam.”

“Tasks had progressive difficulty, meaning that task demands elicited progressively more skilled performance over time (shaping) (Wolf et al., 2006).”

“Meanwhile, amphetamine-like agents, such as fenozolone and methylphenidate (Ritalin), by stimulating the release of NE, acting on synaptic plasticity, and thereby increasing the excitability of the cortex, have significant efficacy in functional reorganization after stroke, with or without rehabilitative training.(5,6…”

“Diagnosis can be confirmed by detecting amphetamine in stomach contents or vomitus, or mainly by positive results obtained in urine tests for illicit drugs [4].”

“…shown to facilitate plasticity, neurogenesis and neurotrophin increases (Stroemer et al., 1998; Malberg et al., 2000; Russo-Neustadt et al., 2001; Butefisch et al., 2002), whereas decreasing NE pharmacologically can decrease BNDF and plasticity associated with exercise (Garcia et al., 2003) and…”

“As previously shown, amphetamine stabilizes use-dependent motor cortex plasticity (ButeWsch et al. 2002; Sawaki et al. 2002), accelerates recovery of motor function in stroke patients”

“(2006) 1(5) demonstrated that the cortical excitability is under balancing control by both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters, which are key players of synaptic plasticity [76,77].”

“…after brain damage, neuroregulators, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), or norepinephrine (NE) agonists can improve recovery of motor function, language, cognition, etc. and increase the Barthel index (Horsfield et al. 2002; Butefisch et al. 2002; De Boissezon 2007; Berends 2009).”

“This is in contrast to our previous findings in young individuals practicing thumb movements in a motor learning paradigm, where AMPH enhanced motor learning and retention beyond the naïve or placebo training related gains (Butefisch, 2003; Bütefisch et al., 2002; Sawaki et al., 2002).”

“Plenty of researches regarding use-dependent plasticity of the sensory and motor cortex have been reported (Recanzone et al., 1992; Karni et al., 1995; Nudo and Milliken, 1996; Classen et al., 1998; Butefisch et al., 2000; Bütefisch et al., 2002).”

“…use-dependent plasticity is thought to underlie improvement in motor performance (Ziemann et al., 2001; Nudo, 2003) and in the encoding of motor memories (Shadmehr and Holcomb, 1997; Classen et al., 1998; Butefisch et al., 2000, 2002; Donchin et al., 2002; Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”

“…several previous studies, which demonstrated that voluntary motor drive enhanced motor control strategies in agonist and antagonist muscles (Shadmehr and Holcomb 1997; Classen et al. 1998; Butefisch et al. 2000; Butefisch et al. 2002; Donchin et al. 2002; Sawaki et al. 2002; Butefisch et al. 2004).”

“In fact, these results document a facilitatory effect of d-amphetamine on use-dependent plasticity and associated plastic changes in the human motor cortex [ 14 ].”

“Successful manipulation of cortical excitability to improve learning processes and cognitive training has been demonstrated in humans in neuropharmacological investigations (Butefisch et al., 2002), with TMS (Butefisch, Khurana, Kopylev, & Cohen, 2004), and with deafferentation of adjacent or contralateral body parts…”

“Both γaminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (through NMDA and AMPA receptors) can contribute to the efficiency of synapsis, facilitation or inhibiting the synaptic activity to build new neural networks for a diminished or lost function (25,26).”

“Although AMPH may bring transient side effect including irritability, increased alertness, and a feeling of being detached from the environment [16], it is conceivable that d-amphetamine enhances the neural plasticity thought to contribute to functional recovery after brain injury and cortical lesions [11,23].”

“Chez des sujets sains humains, l’administration de D-amphétamine facilite l’entrainement moteur [213] et l’apprentissage langagier [214, 215].”

“Diese Veränderung der Erregbarkeit war mit einer erhöhten Bereitschaft dieses Areals zur funktionellen Reorganisation gekoppelt, die sich z.B. in erhöhter Effektivität von motorischem Training zeigte (81).”

“…more examining NA active drugs (Berger et al., 2018; Boroojerdi et al., 2001; Buchmann et al., 2010; Buchmann et al., 2007; Buchmann et al., 2006; Butefisch et al., 2002; Foster et al., 2006; Gilbert et al., 2006a; Gilbert et al., 2006b; Gilbert et al., 2007; Herwig et al., 2002; Hoeppner et…”

“This use-dependent plasticity has been shown to be facilitated or inhibited by excitability-enhancing (Butefisch et al., 2002; Feeney, Gonzalez, & Law, 1982) or excitability-reducing pharmacological agents (Blin et al.”

“In healthy subjects, use-dependent plasticity (UDP) has been reported, in which motor training induced LTP-like changes in the cortico-spinal neurons representing only agonist, but not antagonist, muscles for a trained movement [ 31 , 32].”