Activation of the motor cortex during phasic rapid eye movement sleep
Open accessAbstract
When dreaming during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, we can perform complex motor behaviors while remaining motionless. How the motor cortex behaves during this state remains unknown. Here, using intracerebral electrodes sampling the human motor cortex in pharmacoresistant epileptic patients, we report a pattern of electroencephalographic activation during REM sleep similar to that observed during the performance of a voluntary movement during wakefulness. This pattern is present during phasic REM sleep but not during tonic REM sleep, the latter resembling relaxed wakefulness. This finding may help clarify certain phenomenological aspects observed in REM sleep behavior disorder.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Remarkable activation of motor and premotor regions has been found in healthy subjects during REM sleep.
“remarkable activation of motor and premotor regions has been found in healthy subjects during REM sleep”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as De Carli et al., 2016
The Abstract and Discussion report motor-cortex activation during phasic REM sleep, but not tonic REM sleep. The Methods identify the participants as seven patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, not healthy subjects, and the cited passages do not establish activation of premotor regions. No page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredActivation of midcingulate during REM sleep is consistent with previous imaging data finding critical activation in sensory and motor cortices, as midcingulate involves behavioral/motor responses to danger.
“Not surprisingly, also the activation of midcingulate during REM sleep is consistent with previous imaging data that found a critical activation in sensory and motor cortices (De Carli et al., 2016), since that it is a region involving the behavioral/motor responses to danger (Pereira et al., 2010).”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as De Carli et al., 2016
The Abstract and Discussion report activation of the motor cortex during phasic REM sleep, supporting the motor-cortex portion of the claim. De Carli et al. used intracerebral EEG, not imaging, and their own result does not establish activation of sensory cortex or the midcingulate. The statement about midcingulate responses to danger is attributed to a different citation and is not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Control of sleep and wakefulness
Brown, R. E., Basheer, R., McKenna, J. T., Strecker, R. E., & McCarley, R. W. (2012) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2011 · Cited by 1,477 · see citing works
The functional significance of mu rhythms: Translating “seeing” and “hearing” into “doing”
Pineda, J. A. (2005) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.04.005 · Cited by 1,015 · see citing works
Schenck, C. H., & Mahowald, M. W. (2002) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/25.2.120 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Cardinale, F., Cossu, M., Castana, L., Casaceli, G., Schiariti, M. P., Miserocchi, A., Fuschillo, D., Moscato, A., Caborni, C., Arnulfo, G., et al. (2012) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/neu.0b013e31827d1161 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
The relation of eye movements, body motility, and external stimuli to dream content
Dement, W., & Wolpert, E. A. (1958) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0040031 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Restoration of normal motor control in Parkinson’s disease during REM sleep
De Cock, V. C., Vidailhet, M., Leu, S., Texeira, A., Apartis, E., Elbaz, A., Roze, E., Willer, J. C., Derenne, J. P., Agid, Y., et al. (2007) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl363 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Breakdown in REM sleep circuitry underlies REM sleep behavior disorder
Peever, J. H., Luppi, P., & Montplaisir, J. Y. (2014) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2014.02.009 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Assessing sleep consciousness within subjects using a serial awakening paradigm
Siclari, F., LaRocque, J. J., Postle, B. R., & Tononi, G. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00542 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Dissociated wake-like and sleep-like electro-cortical activity during sleep
Nobili, L., Ferrara, M., Moroni, F., Gennaro, L. D., Russo, G. L., Campus, C., Cardinale, F., & Carli, F. D. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.032 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationDreamed movement elicits activation in the sensorimotor cortex
Dresler, M., Koch, S. P., Wehrle, R., Spoormaker, V. I., Holsboer, F., Steiger, A., Sämann, P. G., Obrig, H., & Czisch, M. (2011) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.029 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Single-neuron activity and eye movements during human REM sleep and awake vision
Andrillon, T., Nir, Y., Cirelli, C., Tononi, G., & Fried, I. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms8884 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Eye Movements during Active and Passive Dreams
Berger, R. J., & Oswald, I. (1962) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.137.3530.601 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Luppi, P., Clément, O., Garcia, S. V., Brischoux, F., & Fort, P. (2013) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.02.004 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Motor-Behavioral Episodes in REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Phasic Events During REM Sleep
Manni, R., Terzaghi, M., & Glorioso, M. (2009) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/32.2.241 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Jackson, A., Mavoori, J., & Fetz, E. E. (2006) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00710.2006 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ictal SPECT in patients with rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder
Mayer, G., Bitterlich, M., Kuwert, T., Ritt, P., & Stefan, H. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv042 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Spectral EEG featuresfor evaluating cognitive load
Zarjam, P., Epps, J., & Chen, F. (2011) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2011.6090954 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The 'scanning hypothesis' of rapid eye movements during REM sleep: a review of the evidence.
Arnulf, I. (2011) · PubMed · doi:10.4449/aib.v149i4.1246 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Frauscher, B., Gschliesser, V., Brandauer, E., Ulmer, H., Poewe, W. H., & Högl, B. (2008) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2008.01.003 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Distinct features of fast oscillations in phasic and tonic rapid eye movement sleep
BRANKAČK, J., SCHEFFZÜK, C., KUKUSHKA, V. I., VYSSOTSKI, A. L., TORT, A. B. L., & DRAGUHN, A. (2012) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2012.01037.x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Increased perfusion in supplementary motor area during a REM sleep behaviour episode
Dauvilliers, Y. A., Boudousq, V., Lopez, R., Gabelle, A., Cochen, V., Bayard, S., & Peigneux, P. (2011) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2011.02.003 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Dauvilliers, Y. A., Boudousq, V., Lopez, R., et al. (2011) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2011.10.001 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ictal SPECT in patients with rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder
Dauvilliers, Y. A., & Peigneux, P. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv146 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The microstructure of REM sleep: Why phasic and tonic?
Simor, P., van der Wijk, G., Nobili, L., & Peigneux, P. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101305 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes
Scarpelli, S., Bartolacci, C., D'Atri, A., Gorgoni, M., & De Gennaro, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00459 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationCipolli, C., Ferrara, M., De Gennaro, L., & Plazzi, G. (2017) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2016.07.005 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Sawtooth Waves Are Associated with Widespread Cortical Activations
Frauscher, B., von Ellenrieder, N., Dolezalova, I., Bouhadoun, S., Gotman, J., & Peter-Derex, L. (2020) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1586-20.2020 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Regional variability in intracerebral properties of NREM to REM sleep transitions in humans
Peter-Derex, L., von Ellenrieder, N., van Rosmalen, F., Hall, J., Dubeau, F., Gotman, J., & Frauscher, B. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2300387120 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
- Authors
- De Carli, F., Proserpio, P., Morrone, E., Sartori, I., Ferrara, M., Gibbs, S. A., De Gennaro, L., Lo Russo, G., & Nobili, L.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, Genoa Section, National Research Council Genoa
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda (IT)
- University of Genoa (IT)
- Department of Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences University of L'Aquila L'Aquila
- Department of Psychology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
- C. Munari Center of Epilepsy Surgery, Niguarda Hospital Milan
- Corresponding author
- Nobili, Lino
- Venue
- Annals of Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-01-18
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 326-330
- ISSN
- 0364-5134 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8249
- PMC
- PMC5066659
- OpenAlex
- W2176108526
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 3.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Annals of Neurology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi dell Aquila (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Italian Ministry of Health (RF-2010-2319316)
- Quebec Health Research Fund
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Restless Legs Syndrome Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- motor cortex, REM sleep, REM sleep behavior disorder, intracranial EEG, epilepsy patients, voluntary movement, REM sleep paradox
- MeSH terms
- Electrocorticography, Adult, Epilepsy, Female, Humans, Male, Motor Cortex, Preoperative Care, Sleep, REM, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
