Assessing sleep consciousness within subjects using a serial awakening paradigm
Open accessAbstract
Dreaming-a particular form of consciousness that occurs during sleep-undergoes major changes in the course of the night. We aimed to outline state-dependent features of consciousness using a paradigm with multiple serial awakenings/questionings that allowed for within as well as between subject comparisons. Seven healthy participants who spent 44 experimental study nights in the laboratory were awakened by a computerized sound at 15-30 min intervals, regardless of sleep stage, and questioned for the presence or absence of sleep consciousness. Recall without content ("I was experiencing something but do not remember what") was considered separately. Subjects had to indicate the content of the most recent conscious experience prior to the alarm sound and to estimate its duration and richness. We also assessed the degree of thinking and perceiving, self- and environment-relatedness and reflective consciousness of the experiences. Of the 778 questionings, 5% were performed during wakefulness, 2% in stage N1, 42% in N2, 33% in N3, and 17% in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Recall with content was reported in 34% of non-REM and in 77% of REM sleep awakenings. Sleep fragmentation inherent to the study design appeared to only minimally affect the recall of conscious experiences. Each stage displayed a unique combination of characteristic features of sleep consciousness. In conclusion, our serial awakening paradigm allowed us to collect a large and representative sample of conscious experiences across states of being. It represents a time-efficient method for the study of sleep consciousness that may prove particularly advantageous when combined with techniques such as functional MRI and high-density EEG.
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Studies capturing both N2 and N3 experiential reports often report slightly higher null report rates in N3 than N2.
“For example, studies capturing both N2 and N3 experiential reports often report slightly higher null report rates in N3 than N2.43–45,65”
From We are the Sensors of Consciousness! A Review and Analysis on How Awakenings During Sleep Influence Dream Recall (2025) · cites this paper as [45]
The Results section (‘Presence and absence of CE’; page unavailable) reports experiential reports with content in 42% of N2 questionings versus 23% of N3 questionings. It distinguishes those reports from experiences without content recall and from no conscious experience, but gives no N2-versus-N3 rates for the latter category. The lower rate of reports with content therefore does not establish a higher null-report rate in N3. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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- Authors
- Siclari, F., LaRocque, J. J., Postle, B. R., & Tononi, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of Wisconsin System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tononi, Giulio
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 542-542
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3747360
- OpenAlex
- W2161794281
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 5.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p20mh077967-04)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH064498, P20MH-077967, R01MH095984)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM008692)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- dreams, REM sleep, NREM sleep, sleep stages, sleep fragmentation, reflective consciousness
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