Beyond the neuropsychology of dreaming: insights into the neural basis of dreaming with new techniques of sleep recording and analysis
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Recent advances in electrophysiological [e.g., surface high-density electroencephalographic (hd-EEG) and intracranial recordings], video-polysomnography (video-PSG), transcranial stimulation and neuroimaging techniques allow more in-depth and more accurate investigation of the neural correlates of dreaming in healthy individuals and in patients with brain-damage, neurodegenerative diseases, sleep disorders or parasomnias. Convergent evidence provided by studies using these techniques in healthy subjects has led to a reformulation of several unresolved issues of dream generation and recall [such as the inter- and intra-individual differences in dream recall and the predictivity of specific EEG rhythms, such as theta in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, for dream recall] within more comprehensive models of human consciousness and its variations across sleep/wake states than the traditional models, which were largely based on the neurophysiology of REM sleep in animals. These studies are casting new light on the neural bases (in particular, the activity of dorsal medial prefrontal cortex regions and hippocampus and amygdala areas) of the inter- and intra-individual differences in dream recall, the temporal location of specific contents or properties (e.g., lucidity) of dream experience and the processing of memories accessed during sleep and incorporated into dream content. Hd-EEG techniques, used on their own or in combination with neuroimaging, appear able to provide further important insights into how the brain generates not only dreaming during sleep but also some dreamlike experiences in waking.
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Sleep and emotional processing
Tempesta, D., Socci, V., De Gennaro, L., & Ferrara, M. (2018) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2017.12.005 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes
Scarpelli, S., Bartolacci, C., D'Atri, A., Gorgoni, M., & De Gennaro, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00459 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“DE could be considered as a reactivation of waking-life memories and during REM sleep this “re-play” concerns especially highly emotional contents (Cipolli et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe overfitted brain: Dreams evolved to assist generalization
Hoel, E. (2021) · Patterns · doi:10.1016/j.patter.2021.100244 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Despite the ubiquity of dreams, it is still the case that REM is most strongly associated with dreaming, over 80-90% of the time in some awakening studies, althought it should be noted again that sleep involves a spectrum wherein it is difficult to find any stage at any time of the night that does not contain any drea…”
BackgroundPredicting dream recall: EEG activation during NREM sleep or shared mechanisms with wakefulness?
Scarpelli, S., D’Atri, A., Mangiaruga, A., Marzano, C., Gorgoni, M., Schiappa, C., Ferrara, M., & De Gennaro, L. (2017) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-017-0563-1 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“More complex designs and interview techniques highlighted the fallacy of this postulate (Cipolli et al. 2016).”
BackgroundSikka, P., Revonsuo, A., Noreika, V., & Valli, K. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2884-18.2019 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“While considerable effort has been devoted to understanding the neural basis of dreaming (for review, see Cipolli et al., 2017), little is known about the neural processes underlying dream affect.”
BackgroundNeurophysiological Aspects of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD): A Narrative Review
Figorilli, M., Lanza, G., Congiu, P., Lecca, R., Casaglia, E., Mogavero, M. P., Puligheddu, M., & Ferri, R. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11121588 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Lanza, G., Aricò, D., Lanuzza, B., Cosentino, F., Tripodi, M., Giardina, F., Bella, R., Puligheddu, M., Pennisi, G., Ferri, R., et al. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz242 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Fazekas, P., Nemeth, G., & Overgaard, M. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2018.10.005 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Yan, C.-Q., Wang, X., Huo, J., Zhou, P., Li, J., Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Fu, Q.-N., Wang, X., Liu, C., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00856 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The MTG is known to be a key region during both encoding and retrieval of emotional episodic memories (47, 48) and is thought to be involved in dream encoding and recall in both rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep (49), which is also thought to be involved in the pathology of insomnia (13, 45).”
BackgroundDreaming with hippocampal damage
Spanò, G., Pizzamiglio, G., McCormick, C., Clark, I. A., De Felice, S., Miller, T. D., Edgin, J. O., Rosenthal, C. R., & Maguire, E. A. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.56211 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Defined as an internally-generated subjective mental experience during the sleep state (Cipolli et al., 2017), dreaming can be present at initial sleep onset (hypnagogic sleep; Horikawa et al., 2013; Stickgold et al., 2000), during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep (Antrobus et al., 1995; Foulkes,…”
BackgroundNarcolepsy and emotional experience: a review of the literature
Schiappa, C., Scarpelli, S., D’Atri, A., Gorgoni, M., & Gennaro, L. D. (2018) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-018-0151-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams
Mangiaruga, A., Scarpelli, S., Bartolacci, C., & De Gennaro, L. (2018) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s135762 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“The scientists interested in dream experience refer to “dream generation” as the precise moment in which dreams are shaped (producing the “sleep mentation”).(15,16) Furthermore, the dream recall studies are directly focused on the retrieval of dream contents upon the awakenings, considering dream recall as a peculiar…”
BackgroundThe role of the basolateral amygdala in dreaming
Blake, Y., Terburg, D., Balchin, R., van Honk, J., & Solms, M. (2019) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.12.016 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sleep talking: a viable access to mental processes during sleep
Alfonsi, V., D'Atri, A., Scarpelli, S., Mangiaruga, A., & De Gennaro, L. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2018.12.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Mental Violence: The COVID-19 Nightmare
Musse, F. C. C., Castro, L. D. S., Sousa, K. M. M., Mestre, T. F., Teixeira, C. D. M., Pelloso, S. M., Poyares, D. R., & Carvalho, M. D. D. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.579289 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“The exposure to pandemicrelated stressors and the emotional content of daily memories could corroborate to explain some aspects of nightmares disorders and REM parasomnia (39, 40).”
BackgroundCortical activation during sleep predicts dream experience in narcolepsy
D'Atri, A., Scarpelli, S., Schiappa, C., Pizza, F., Vandi, S., Ferrara, M., Cipolli, C., Plazzi, G., & De Gennaro, L. (2019) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.718 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“This model relies on the assumption that the features of dream experience depend on the periodic and distributed activation during sleep of the cortical structures that support perceptual, cognitive, and motor processes during wakefulness.(2,34) The association between a highly activated electrophysiological milieu an…”
MethodResultSelf-citationScarpelli, S., D’Atri, A., Bartolacci, C., Gorgoni, M., Mangiaruga, A., Ferrara, M., & Gennaro, L. D. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10060343 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“When a broader definition of dreaming was introduced by Foulkes [4], it became evident that dreams can also be reported upon Non ‐ REM (NREM) awakening, decreeing the fall of the REM dreaming equation [5].”
BackgroundSleep and dreaming in the light of reactive and predictive homeostasis.
Simor, P., Peigneux, P., & Bódizs, R. (2023) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105104 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“forced awakenings in laboratory settings (Cipolli et al., 2017; Scarpelli et al., 2020, 2015).”
MethodNoreika, V., Windt, J., Kern, M., Valli, K., Salonen, T., Parkkola, R. K., Revonsuo, A., Karim, A. A., Tonio Ball, A., & Lenggenhager, B. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63479-6 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Generally, REM sleep dreaming has been associated with relative deactivation of executive networks and frontal areas, and with high levels of activity in sensory, motor, and emotional networks as compared to wakefulness (Schwartz and Maquet 2002; Nir and Tononi 2010; Cipolli et al. 2017).”
BackgroundThe route to recall a dream: theoretical considerations and methodological implications
Nemeth, G. (2023) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-022-01722-7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Retrieval is associated with brain processes very similar to those that characterise the formation of long-term memory traces (Antony et al., 2017; Cipolli et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialScarpelli, S., Bartolacci, C., D’Atri, A., Camaioni, M., Annarumma, L., Gorgoni, M., Cloos, C., Ferrara, M., & Gennaro, L. D. (2020) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s279786 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Dream experiences and the neural correlates of perceptual consciousness and cognitive access
Fazekas, P., & Németh, G. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0356 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Neuropsychology of Consciousness: Some History and a Few New Trends
Berlucchi, G., & Marzi, C. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00050 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Differentiating Oneiric Stupor in Agrypnia Excitata From Dreaming Disorders
Baldelli, L., & Provini, F. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.565694 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The vision of dreams: from ontogeny to dream engineering in blindness
Vitali, H., Campus, C., GIORGIS, V. D., Signorini, S. G., & Gori, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10026 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“56,110 However, the objective difficulties in obtaining reproducible results and the limitations of the experimental paradigms leave the cortical mechanisms underlying conscious dream experiences a largely unresolved issue.”
InfluentialFasiello, E., Scarpelli, S., Gorgoni, M., Alfonsi, V., Galbiati, A., & Gennaro, L. D. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13768 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Konjedi, S., & Maleeh, R. (2021) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2021.103194 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Miskovic, V., Lynn, S. J., Bagg, J. O., Pouliot, J. J., Ríos, M., & Wackermann, J. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.014 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“However, this activity replay is constructive, rather than passive, in nature (Cipolli et al., 2017; Graveline and Wamsley, 2015; Wamsley and Stickgold, 2011).”
Cipolli, C., Pizza, F., Bellucci, C., Mazzetti, M., Tuozzi, G., Vandi, S., & Plazzi, G. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa012 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Intervención psicológica en trastornos del sueño: una revisión actualizada
García, H. B. Á., & Jiménez‐Correa, U. (2020) · Clínica Contemporánea · doi:10.5093/cc2020a9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Unlocking Dreams and Dreamless Sleep: Machine Learning Classification With Optimal EEG Channels
Moctezuma, L. A., Molinas, M., & Abe, T. (2025) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/bmri/3585125 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Furthermore, emotionally and perceptually vivid dreams are reported more frequently after awakening from REM sleep [6, 7, 13 – 19].”
Bugalho, P., Ladeira, F. F., Barbosa, R. P., Marto, J. P., Borbinha, C., Salavisa, M., da Conceição, L., Saraiva, M., Fernandes, M., & Meira, B. (2020) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13163 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Structural and Functional Differences in Brain Mechanisms of Dream Recall
Scarpelli, S., Gorgoni, M., D’Atri, A., Ferrara, M., & Gennaro, L. D. (2019) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00018-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A second-order adaptive mental network model relating dreaming to creativity
Budding, D., Doornkamp, S., & Jan Treur, A. (2022) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2022.12.001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…research domain there is a substantial interest in studying dreaming, ranging from the conceptual influence on waking life (see e.g., (Schredl & Erlacher, 2007; Per-ogamvros et al., 2013)) to neuroscientific underpinnings of processes related to dreaming (e.g., (Cipolli et al., 2017)).”
BackgroundOlfaction-Related Factors Affecting Chemosensory Dream Content in a Sleep Laboratory
Nováková, L. M., Kliková, M., Miletínová, E., & Bušková, J. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11091225 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Relationship Between Personality Types in MBTI and Dream Structure Variables
Zhao, C., Wang, J., Feng, X., & Shen, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01589 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The neuropsychoanalysis of dreams: a meta-review focusing on neuroanatomy
Borawski, J., Mundorf, A., Ocklenburg, S., & Barth, L. (2025) · Neuropsychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/15294145.2025.2565599 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Due to the key function of the hippocampus in the retrieval and encoding of memories (Northoff et al., 2023), it is particularly relevant in dream recall (Cipolli et al., 2017).”
InfluentialElectrophysiological pattern of dream experience
Scarpelli, S., & Gennaro, L. D. (2017) · Journal of Public Health and Emergency · doi:10.21037/jphe.2017.07.03 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Actually, this is a gold standard approach to study (dream experience DE), and dream recall is the unique viable phenomenon that we can get closer (6,7).”
BackgroundFénelon, G. (2021) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20120314 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The neurocognition of dreaming: key questions and foci
Horton, C. L. (2023) · Emerging Topics in Life Sciences · doi:10.1042/etls20230099 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Akhtar, N. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-0123-1_4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Raffaelli, Q., Andrews, E. S., Cegavske, C. C., Abraham, F. F., Edgin, J. O., & Andrews‐Hanna, J. R. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33767-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In a separate survey completed at the onset of the study, participants were asked to reference their typical dreams to a similar set of phenomenological variables as those asked in reference to participants’ momentary thoughts (see Table S2 for the questionnaire), including: (1) intentionality, (2) awareness, (3) pers…”
BackgroundSleep, Nightmares and Schizophrenia
Seeman, M. V. (2017) · Journal of Sleep Disorders and Management · doi:10.23937/2572-4053.1510017 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In parallel work with non-REM dreams (it may surprise readers that dreams can occur in both REM and non-REM sleep stages [49]) of schizophrenia patients and controls, the same researchers [48] again found few differences in dream content except that the dream narratives were again shorter in patients with schizophreni…”
ResultDEED: A Multimodel Dataset for Dream Emotion ClassificationPreprint
Zheng, L., Zhou, D., Zhang, M., Liu, Q., Cai, Y., Yang, Y., Ma, P., Wang, X., & Luo, J. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2129961/v1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Brain structural basis of individual variability in dream recall frequency
Zhou, S., Xu, J., Su, Z., Li, Y., Shao, Y., Sun, H., Zhu, H., Zou, Q., & Gao, J. (2018) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-018-9964-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Role of Sleep in Emotional Processing
Tempesta, D., Socci, V., Gennaro, L. D., & Ferrara, M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-2814-5_6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Dreams and the daydream retrieval hypothesis.
Eeles, E. M., Pinsker, D. M., Burianová, H., & Ray, J. (2020) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/drm0000123 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Neurobiology of Dream Activity and Effects of Stimulants on Dream
Murillo‐Rodríguez, E., Coronado-Álvarez, A., López-Muciño, L. A., Pastrana-Trejo, J. C., Viana-Torre, G., Barberena, J. J., Soriano-Nava, D. M., & García‐García, F. (2022) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1568026622666220627162032 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Dream Consciousness and the Brain: Relevance to Psychopathology
del Giudice, R., Saunders, A. S., Cavallotti, S., & D’Agostino, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-0123-1_5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pace-Schott, E. F. (2016) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2016.11.005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The bizarreness and reality of dreams
Guo, F., & Zhiyan, C. (2017) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/n972017-00944 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Editorial: The Neuropsychiatry of Dreaming: Brain Mechanisms and Clinical Presentations
Szabadi, E., Reading, P., & Pandi-Perumal, S. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.666657 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“A number of objective neural correlates of dreaming have been established (9) that have revealed evidence of dreaming in the absence of dream recall (10).”
BackgroundMoctezuma, L. A., Molinas, M., & Abe, T. (2025) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpaf066 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Dreams occur during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM: N1, N2, and N3) sleep [1–9], and have been studied by retrieving dream content through self-reports provided when sleep is interrupted when certain stages of sleep are visually detected or using the serial awakening paradigm [3, 4, 10,…”
Oneiris: An AI-augmented Brain-Computer Interface for Exploring Personal and Collective Dreamscapes
Bellemare-Pepin, A., Thölke, P., Jerbi, K., & Kite, S. (2025) · Conference on Animation and Interactive Art (CAIA) · doi:10.1145/3749893.3749963 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Wang, C., Gui, W., Feng, X., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1745862 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The MTG is implicated in the encoding and retrieval of dreams during sleep and plays a crucial role in the processes of emotional episodic memory (Cipolli et al., 2016).”
Cipolli, C., & Gennaro, L. D. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54359-4_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Time as a Measure of Consciousness. Subjective Time in Waking and Different Sleep Phases
Ukraintseva, Y. V., Liaukovich, K. M., & Shilov, M. O. (2021) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-021-01123-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhao, G., Cheng, Y., Wang, M., Wu, Y., Yan, J., Feng, K., & Yin, S. (2023) · Acta Neurochirurgica · doi:10.1007/s00701-023-05806-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“However, dream content is not produced by the brain stem [10].”
BackgroundNightmares in patients with insomnia
Korabelnikova, E. A., & Tkachenko, V. (2022) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro202212205242 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dream Anxiety in Patients with Rapid Eye Movement Dependent Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Yazla, E., Bilici, M., & Pelin, Z. (2017) · International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal · doi:10.9734/indj/2017/33703
Ukraintseva, Y. V., Liaukovich, K. M., & Shilov, M. O. (2020) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro202012009213
Medications that disrupt sleep
Nishimon, S., & Nishino, S. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822963-7.00235-8
Bertini, M., & Ferrara, M. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.03046-7
Ding, J., Yang, P., Xu, Z., Yu, M., Yang, M., Li, L., Hua, B., Zeng, W., & Ding, X. (2025) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2025.138313
The distinctive characteristics of REM sleep and dreams in narcolepsy
Scarpelli, S., & Gennaro, L. D. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-30004-2.00020-1
Insights into the sleeping mind: Neural correlates of dreaming
Camaioni, M., Gennaro, L. D., & Scarpelli, S. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29258-3.00035-5
Zhao, P. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7286639
- Authors
- Cipolli, C., Ferrara, M., De Gennaro, L., & Plazzi, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Plazzi, Giuseppe
- ORCID
- Plazzi, Giuseppe
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-10
- Volume
- 35
- Pages
- 8-20
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2501346738
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 184
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 0.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi dell Aquila (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Fondazione del Monte di Bologna e Ravenna (2012-2407)
- Italian Ministry of Health (2009-1528677)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Keywords
- dream recall, REM sleep, high-density EEG, video-polysomnography, intracranial recordings, transcranial stimulation, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, individual differences, within-person variability, consciousness model, parasomnias, neurodegenerative diseases
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Cognition, Dreams, Electroencephalography, Humans, Neuropsychology, Mental Recall, Sleep, REM, Polysomnography
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