Cerebrospinal fluid macrophage biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Abstract
Objective: The neurodegenerative disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is a heterogeneous clinical syndrome involving multiple molecular pathways. The development of biomarkers for use in therapeutic trials is a priority. We sought to use a high‐throughput proteomic method to identify novel biomarkers in individual cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. Methods: Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with label‐free quantification was used to identify CSF proteins using samples from a well‐characterized longitudinal cohort comprising patients with ALS (n = 43), the upper motor neuron variant, primary lateral sclerosis (PLS; n = 6), and cross‐sectional healthy (n = 20) and disease controls (Parkinsons' disease, n = 20; ALS mimic disorders, n = 12). Results: Three macrophage‐derived chitinases showed increased abundance in ALS: chitotriosidase (CHIT1), chitinase‐3‐like protein 1 (CHI3L1), and chitinase‐3‐like protein 2 (CHI3L2). Elevated CHI3L1 was common to ALS and PLS, whereas CHIT1 and CHI3L2 levels differed. Chitinase levels correlated with disease progression rate (CHIT1, r = 0.56, p < 0.001; CHI3L1, r = 0.31; p = 0.028; CHI3L2, r = 0.29, p = 0.044). CHIT1, CHI3L1, and CHI3L2 levels correlated with phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (pNFH; r = 0.62, p < 0.001; r = 0.49, p < 0.001; r = 0.41, p < 0.001). CHI3L1 levels, but not CHIT1 or CHI3L2, increased over time in those with low initial levels (gradient = 0.005 log abundance units/month, p = 0.001). High CHIT1 was associated with shortened survival (hazard ratio [HR] 2.84; p = 0.009). Inclusion of pNFH in survival models left only an association of pNFH and survival (HR 1.26; p = 0.019). Interpretation: Neuroinflammatory mechanisms have been consistently implicated through various experimental paradigms. These results support a key role for macrophage activity in ALS pathogenesis, offering novel target engagement and pharmacodynamic biomarkers for neuroinflammation‐focused ALS therapy. Ann Neurol 2018;83:258–268
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ALS patients exhibit elevated macrophage markers in their CSF compared to unaffected controls.
“ALS patients exhibit elevated macrophage markers in their CSF compared to unaffected controls [422]”
From Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications (2022) · cites this paper as [422]
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“Conversely, the authors of this recent work found an association between CHIT1 but not YKL-40 level and survival, while we found that YKL-40 was indeed associated with shorter survival.(16) It is possible that methodologic differences in the sample composition (i.”
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“Accumulation of pNF-H and NF-L in brain tissue (Table S2) positively correlate with the accumulation of these markers in CSF (Table S1), and may be reflective of motor neuron breakdown (179).”
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“CSF YKL-40 correlated with the rate of disease progression since their first clinical evaluation and with CSF phosphorylated-neurofilament heavy chain (p-NFH) levels [61].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe path to biomarker-based diagnostic criteria for the spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases
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“Increased CSF YKL-40 levels distinguish ALS from ALS mimics with optimal accuracy [250], and is associated with symptoms progression and shorter survival [251].”
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“A Frontiers in Neurology | www.frontiersin.org 2 May 2020 | Volume 11 | Article 377 prior MS-based study by the same group also noted a modest fold change for only CSF CHIT1 and CHI3L2 between ALS and PLS (31).”
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“Importantly, YKL40 is expressed in astrocytes, in agreement with other observations [33, 36-40], but in contrast to another description ascribing YKL40 expression to brain macrophages [44].”
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“Twenty-nine peptides, namely, IGLV3-19 (ITCQGDSLR), JCHAIN (FVYHLSDLCK), LTA4H (WEDAIPLALK), NFASC (LTVSWLK), PPBP (ICLDPDAPR), UCHL1 (FSAVALCK), CHIT1 (YPLIQTLR), ERAP2 (ILAVTDFEPTQAR), FSTL4 (FDDYNSDSSLTLR), APP (THPHFVIPYR), APP (VESLEQEAANER), APP (WYFDVTEGK), CHI3L1 (ILGQQVPYATK), CNTNAP2 (FSFSTTK), MEGF8 (LFPLPG…”
BackgroundInfluentialNeurochemical biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Verde, F., Silani, V., & Otto, M. (2019) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000744 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Biochemical and clinical biomarkers in adult SMA 3–4 patients treated with nusinersen for 22 months
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“In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), another motor neuron disease, studies showed that both CHIT1 and YKL-40 were elevated in CSF and correlated with disease progression rate and a shorter survival.(14,15) No such data are currently available for individuals with SMA, except for a single recent study that concluded…”
Backgroundde Luna, N., Carbayo, Á., Dols‐Icardo, O., Turón‐Sans, J., Reyes‐Leiva, D., Illán‐Gala, I., Jericó, I., Pagola, I., Lleixà, C., Querol, L., et al. (2022) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000200072 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
A motor neuron strategy to save time and energy in neurodegeneration: adaptive protein stoichiometry
Zucchi, E., Lu, C., Cho, Y., Chang, R., Adiutori, R., Zubiri, I., Ceroni, M., Cereda, C., Pansarasa, O., Greensmith, L., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.14542 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Gille, B., De Schaepdryver, M., Dedeene, L., Goossens, J., Claeys, K. G., Van Den Bosch, L., Tournoy, J., Van Damme, P., & Poesen, K. (2019) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2018-319586 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Yamashita, T., Nakano, Y., Sasaki, R., Tadokoro, K., Omote, Y., Yunoki, T., Kawahara, Y., Matsumoto, N., Taira, Y., Matsuoka, C., et al. (2023) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.1177/09636897231214370 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Cerebrospinal fluid CHIT-1 and NfL levels are associated with ALS progression and patient survival 32,33 .”
BackgroundALS-associated genes in SCA2 mouse spinal cord transcriptomes
Scoles, D. R., Dansithong, W., Pflieger, L. T., Paul, S., Gandelman, M., Figueroa, K. P., Rigo, F., Bennett, C. F., & Pulst, S. M. (2020) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddaa072 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Recently, three chitinases were reported upregulated in ALS patient CSF suggesting their use as biomarkers (64).”
Alcolea, D. A., Irwin, D. J., Illán‐Gala, I., Muñoz, L., Clarimón, J., McMillan, C. T., Fortea, J., Blesa, R., Lee, E. B., Trojanowski, J. Q., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2018-318993 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The blood biomarkers puzzle – A review of protein biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases
Barro, C., & Zetterberg, H. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109281 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Urinary neopterin: A novel biomarker of disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Shepheard, S. R., Karnaros, V., Benyamin, B., Schultz, D. W., Fowler, M., Wuu, J., Chataway, T., Malaspina, A., Benatar, M. G., & Rogers, M. (2021) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15237 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“CHIT1 is released from microglia, and in five studies [7– 11] was found to be significantly elevated in the CSF of patients with ALS compared to controls, but in those that examined progression CHIT1 was relatively stable as disease progressed [9,11] and did not always correlate with the ALSFRS- R [8].”
ResultCurrent and emerging ALS biomarkers: utility and potential in clinical trials
Taga, A., & Maragakis, N. J. (2018) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2018.1530987 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“CHIT1 activity was found to be higher in CSF [87–89] and blood samples [88,90] from ALS patients than healthy controls, and its level predicted the rate of disease progression [87,89,90].”
BackgroundAndrés‐Benito, P., Povedano, M., Domínguez, R., Marco, C., Colomina, M. J., López-Pérez, Ó., Santana, I. J., Baldeiras, I., Martínez‐Yélamos, S., Zerr, I., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21228680 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Primary Lateral Sclerosis: Clinical, radiological and molecular features
Bede, P., Pradat, P., Lope, J., Vourc’h, P., Blasco, H., & Corcia, P. (2021) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2021.04.008 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Sjöqvist, S., & Otake, K. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24065237 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“We analyzed EVs and saliva by PEA using the panel “Olink Target 96 Cardiovascular III(v.6113)”. is panel as chosen because so e analytes have been reported to be related to ALS (e.g., Y L-40 [22], IT1 [23], P-1 [24]) and e have previously used this panel for CSFbased bio arker discovery for ALS [25].”
MethodInfluentialChitotriosidase as biomarker for early stage amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a multicenter study
Steinacker, P., Feneberg, E., Halbgebauer, S., Witzel, S., Verde, F., Oeckl, P., Damme, P. V., Gaur, N., Gray, E., Großkreutz, J., et al. (2021) · Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration · doi:10.1080/21678421.2020.1861023 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“For the differentiation of ALS and ALS mimics, we obtained weaker sensitivities and specificities compared to our previous study (8) and here also the largest differences between the centers involved here as well as between our and published data (6,11) were observed.”
ResultSelf-citationFullam, T., & Statland, J. M. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11050611 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“CSF levels of chitinase proteins, a marker for microglial activation, have shown some promise in that they are elevated in patients with ALS as compared to PLS, however, the fact that they do not outperform NfL suggests their utility may be in monitoring therapies targeting microglial activation [74,75].”
BackgroundCerebrospinal Fluid Chitinases as Biomarkers for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Costa, J., Gromicho, M., Pronto‐Laborinho, A. C., Almeida, C., Gomes, R. A., Guerreiro, A. C. L., Oliva, A., Pinto, S., & de Carvalho, M. A. (2021) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11071210 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Concerning CHI3L1, there is discrepancy of results in the literature [29,30,38].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialInflammatory checkpoints in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: From biomarkers to therapeutic targets
Jiang, Z., Wang, Z., Wei, X., & Yu, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059994 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A Review of Biomarkers of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Pathophysiologic Approach
Alshehri, R. S., Abuzinadah, A. R., Alrawaili, M. S., Alotaibi, M. K., Alsufyani, H. A., Alshanketi, R. M., & Alshareef, A. A. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252010900 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“CSF and plasma levels CHIT1 and YKL-40 have been measured in ALS using ELISA [200,201] and LC/MS [202] and appear to be longitudinally stable [201].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIncreased chitotriosidase 1 concentration following nusinersen treatment in spinal muscular atrophy
Freigang, M., Steinacker, P., Wurster, C. D., Schreiber‐Katz, O., Osmanovic, A., Petri, S., Koch, J. C., Rostasy, K. M., Falkenburger, B. H., Ludolph, A. C., et al. (2021) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-021-01961-8 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Genomic and transcriptomic advances in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Rizzuti, M., Sali, L., Melzi, V., Scarcella, S., Costamagna, G., Ottoboni, L., Quetti, L., Brambilla, L., Papadimitriou, D. A., Verde, F., et al. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.102126 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sferruzza, G., Bosco, L., Falzone, Y., Russo, T., Domi, T., Quattrini, A., Filippi, M., & Riva, N. (2021) · Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration · doi:10.1080/21678421.2021.2007952 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Seki, S., Kitaoka, Y., Kawata, S., Nishiura, A., Uchihashi, T., Hiraoka, S.-I., Yokota, Y., Isomura, E. T., Kogo, M., & Tanaka, S. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11112967 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Extracellular vesicles in TDP-43 proteinopathies: pathogenesis and biomarker potential
Dellar, E. R., Nikel, L., Fowler, S. L., Vahsen, B. F., Dafinca, R., Feneberg, E., Talbot, K., Turner, M. R., & Thompson, A. G. (2025) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-025-00859-4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“These are primarily proteins involved in inflammatory processes such as chitotriosidase-1 (CHIT1), chitinase-3-like protein-1 (CHI3L1 or YKL-40), chitinase-3-like protein-2 (CHI3L2 or YKL-39) and alpha 1-antichymo-trypsin (SERPINA3) [142, 177–180].”
Self-citationProtein biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Donini, L., Tanel, R., Zuccarino, R., & Basso, M. (2023) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2023.09.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kläppe, U., Sennfält, S., Lovik, A., Finn, A., Bofaisal, U., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., Piehl, F., Kmezic, I., Press, R., et al. (2023) · Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration · doi:10.1080/21678421.2023.2263874 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“CHIT1 could also discriminate ALS patients from mimics, but performed less well than NFs and worse than previously reported, even when excluding CHIT1 concentrations 200 ng/L (9, 43 – 45).”
ResultGagliardi, D., Rizzuti, M., Masrori, P., Saccomanno, D., Bo, R. D., Sali, L., Meneri, M., Scarcella, S., Milone, I., Hersmus, N., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-024-12699-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Proteomic Approaches to Decipher Mechanisms Underlying Pathogenesis in Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Singh, V. P., Tripathi, A. K., & Dutta, R. (2019) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.201800335 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Reyes‐Leiva, D., Dols‐Icardo, O., Sirisi, S., Cortés‐Vicente, E., Turón‐Sans, J., de Luna, N., Blesa, R., Belbin, O., Montal, V., Alcolea, D. A., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.750543 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Recent proteomic studies confirmed that three macrophage-derived chitinases (YKL-40, chitotriosidase, and chitinase like-3 protein 2) were increased in ALS and predicted a faster disease course but only YKL-40 levels increased over time in those with low initial levels (187).”
BackgroundSerum NfL and CHI3L1 for ALS and parkinsonian disorders in the process of diagnosis
Haji, S., Sako, W., Murakami, N., Osaki, Y., & Izumi, Y. (2022) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-022-02470-z · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“2018), and ALS (Illán-Gala et al. 2018; Thompson et al. 2018; Gille et al. 2019; Gray et al. 2020; Vu et al. 2020); however, the blood CHI3L1 concentration was not significantly different between any groups in this study-even with ECL, which is a highly sensitive method.”
BackgroundMethodTrautwig, A. N., Fox, E. J., Dammer, E. B., Shantaraman, A., Ping, L., Duong, D. M., Watson, C. M., Wu, F., Asress, S., Guo, Q. J., et al. (2025) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-025-00838-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The characterization of asymptomatic carriers as well as the unprecedented number of SOD1-mutation carriers ( n = 35, 22 SOD1 ALS, 13 asymptomatic carriers) differentiate this study from previous CSF biomarker studies [37, 41–43].”
InfluentialŠoltić, D., Bowerman, M., Stock, J. P. P., Shorrock, H. K., Gillingwater, T. H., & Fuller, H. R. (2018) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci8120212 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Untangling neuroinflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Thompson, A. G., & Turner, M. R. (2019) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2019-321242 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationA novel SETX gene mutation associated with Juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Ma, L., Shi, Y., Chen, Z., Li, S., & Zhang, J. (2018) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1066 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Dellar, E., Vendrell, I., Talbot, K., Kessler, B., Fischer, R., Turner, M. R., & Thompson, A. (2023) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.16030 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…a powerful tool for biomarker discovery in ALS, identifying an increase in a set of glial proteins—the chitinase proteins chitotriosidase-1 (CHIT1), chitinase- 3-like protein-1 (CHI3L1 or YKL-40) and chitinase- 3-like protein-2 (CHI3L2 or YKL-39) (Thompson et al., 2018 ; Varghese et al., 2013 ).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationProgress and New Frontiers in Biomarkers for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Turner, M. R. (2018) · Biomarkers in Medicine · doi:10.2217/bmm-2018-0149 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationUrinary biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: candidates, opportunities and considerations
Rogers, M., Schultz, D. W., Karnaros, V., & Shepheard, S. R. (2023) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcad287 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“63,64 A longitudinal mass spectrometry analysis indicated that CHIT1, CHI3L1 and CHI3L2 correlate with disease progression and with pNfH levels.”
BackgroundHereditary Motor Neuropathies and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: a Molecular and Clinical Update
García-Santibáñez, R., Burford, M. J., & Bucelli, R. C. (2018) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-018-0901-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Agrawal, I., Tripathi, P., & Biswas, S. (2022) · Drug Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.1080/03602532.2022.2029475 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Fluid Biomarkers of Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
van der Ende, E. L., & Swieten, J. C. V. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51140-1_9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Steffke, C., Baskar, K., Bachhuber, F., Wiesenfarth, M., Dorst, J., Schuster, J., Schöberl, F., Reilich, P., Regensburger, M., German, A., et al. (2025) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.70025 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
He, L., Zhou, Q., Xiu, C., Shao, Y., Shen, D., Meng, H., Le, W., & Chen, S. (2023) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.389357 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Several studies have used high-throughput proteomics methods to explore novel biomarkers (De Benedetti et al., 2017; Thompson et al., 2018).”
BackgroundGomes, Y. C. P., Freitas, N. L., Souza, F. S., Sandim, V., Pereira, D. D. A., Nogueira, F. C. S., Echevarria‐Lima, J., Leite, A. C. C. B., Lima, M. A., Silva, M. T. T., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.949516 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Advancing mechanistic understanding and biomarker development in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Thompson, A. G., Oeckl, P., Feneberg, E., Bowser, R. P., Otto, M., Fischer, R., Kessler, B. M., & Turner, M. R. (2021) · Expert Review of Proteomics · doi:10.1080/14789450.2021.2004890 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Proteomic biofluid studies in ALS have generally detected changes presumed to reflect downstream consequences of neurodegeneration, such as the leakage of neurofilament proteins from damaged neurons, activation of glial cells, the effects of synaptic loss, or altered extracellular matrix regulation [28,108,124].”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationGaur, N., Huß, E., Prell, T., Steinbach, R., Guerra, J., Srivastava, A., Witte, O. W., & Großkreutz, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.629332 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Proteomic profiling of cerebrospinal fluid reveals TKT as a potential biomarker for medulloblastoma
Kim, J. W., Choi, S. A., Dan, K., Koh, E. J., Ha, S., Phi, J. H., Kim, K. H., Han, D., & Kim, S. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-71738-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Dellar, E. R., Vendrell, I., Amein, B., Lester, D., Edmond, E., Yoganathan, K. T., Dharmadasa, T., Sogorb‐Esteve, A., Fischer, R., Talbot, K., et al. (2024) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.27133 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurochemical biomarkers of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: recent developments
Verde, F. (2025) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000001411 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Study on Tissue Homogenization Buffer Composition for Brain Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics
Karpiński, A., Torres-Elguera, J. C., Sanner, A., Konopka, W., Kaczmarek, L., Winter, D., Konopka, A., & Bulska, E. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10102466 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“This knowledge can support the development of targeted therapies [8] or diagnostic tests based on identified biomarkers [3,9].”
BackgroundQi, Y., Chou, L.-S., Zhang, L., Liu, M., Yi, M., Zhang, Q., Wang, J., Li, T., Zhang, D., & Yang, L. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2020.102395 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Thompson, A. G., Gray, E., Charles, P. D., Hu, M. T. M., Talbot, K., Fischer, R., Kessler, B. M., & Turner, M. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.642324 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationNakamura, K., Fujita, K., Suzuki, M., Kunugi, A., Hirozane, Y., Kunikata, T., Takahashi, B., Narazaki, G., Kondo, H., Haji, S., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1418320 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Estimating acceleration time point of respiratory decline in ALS patients: A novel metric
Sato, K., Iwata, A., Kurihara, M., Nagashima, Y., Mano, T., & Toda, T. (2019) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2019.05.031 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A prognostic biomarker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Mitsumoto, H., & Saito, T. (2018) · Rinsho Shinkeigaku · doi:10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001220 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease: Involvement of the Choroid PlexusPreprint
Čarná, M. E., Onyango, I. G., Katina, S., Holub, D., Nezvedová, M., Jha, D., Nedelská, Z., Lacovich, V., Vyvere, T. V., Houbrechts, R., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.07.29.21260696 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mellinger, A. L., Griffith, E. H., & Bereman, M. S. (2020) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-020-02765-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Targeting Macrophage for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Li, L., Liu, J., & She, H. (2019) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527318666190409103831 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Voukali, E., & Vinkler, M. (2022) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.329002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…lipofuscinosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, or unipolar major depressive disorder (Sleat et al., 2017; Bereman et al., 2018; Sathe et al., 2018; Thompson et al., 2018; Dayon et al., 2019; Johnson et al., 2020; Rotunno et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
Novel therapeutic approaches for motor neuron disease
Muzio, L., Ghirelli, A., Agosta, F., & Martino, G. (2023) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-98817-9.00027-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Clinical Trials in ALS – Current Challenges and Strategies for Future Directions
Salmon, K., & Genge, A. L. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119745532.ch9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Thompson, A. G., Gray, E., Thézénas, M., Charles, P. D., Evetts, S., Hu, M. T., Talbot, K., Fischer, R., Kessler, B. M., & Turner, M. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford United Kingdom
- Corresponding author
- Kessler, Benedikt M.
- Turner, Martin R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annals of Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-02
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 258-268
- ISSN
- 0364-5134 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8249
- OpenAlex
- W2794716002
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 16
- FWCI
- 12.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MR/K01014X/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Lysosomal Storage Disorders Research
- Keywords
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, chitotriosidase, YKL-40, primary lateral sclerosis, disease progression, survival prediction, neuroinflammation, proteomics
- MeSH terms
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Chitinases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Macrophages, Male, Middle Aged, Cohort Studies, Biomarkers, Disease Progression, Proteomics
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