Implications of Microglia in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are neurodegenerative disorders with clear similarities regarding their clinical, genetic and pathological features. Both are progressive, lethal disorders, with no current curative treatment available. Several genes that correlated with ALS and FTD are implicated in the same molecular pathways. Strikingly, many of these genes are not exclusively expressed in neurons, but also in glial cells, suggesting a multicellular pathogenesis. Moreover, chronic inflammation is a common feature observed in ALS and FTD, indicating an essential role of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, in disease development and progression. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the implications of microglia in ALS and FTD. Specifically, we will focus on the role of impaired phagocytosis and increased inflammatory responses and their impact on microglial function. Several genes associated with the disorders can directly be linked to microglial activation, phagocytosis and neuroinflammation. Other genes associated with the disorders are implicated in biological pathways involved in protein degradation and autophagy. In general such mutations have been shown to cause abnormal protein accumulation and impaired autophagy. These impairments have previously been linked to affect the innate immune system in the central nervous system through inappropriate activation of microglia and neuroinflammation, highlighted in this review. Although it has been well established that microglia play essential roles in neurodegenerative disorders, the precise underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
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In neurodegenerative diseases, microglial activation may accentuate neuron loss by promoting and propagating regional and local neuroinflammation.
“In neurodegenerative diseases, microglial activation may accentuate neuron loss by promoting and propagating regional and local neuroinflammation [420,421].”
From Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications (2022) · cites this paper as [421]
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Additional file 1 of Latozinemab, a novel progranulin-elevating therapy for frontotemporal dementia
Kurnellas, M., Mitra, A., Schwabe, T., Paul, R., Arrant, A. E., Roberson, E. D., Ward, M., Yeh, F. L., Long, H., & Rosenthal, A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26597423
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Microglia crosstalk with T cells in neurodegenerative diseases: pathogenesis and treatment targets
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BindingDB Entry 50022423: The latest perspectives of small molecules FMS kinase inhibitors.
BindingDB (2025) · UC San Diego · doi:10.7270/q2057mnz
- Authors
- Haukedal, H., & Freude, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Freude, Kristine
- Venue
- Journal of Molecular Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-04
- Volume
- 431
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1818-1829
- ISSN
- 0022-2836 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2912466497
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 1.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Molecular Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Innovationsfonden
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (GliAD— NNF18OC0052369)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- microglia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, neuroinflammation, microglial phagocytosis, microglial activation, autophagy, protein degradation, protein accumulation, neurodegeneration, glial cells, innate immunity
- MeSH terms
- Superoxide Dismutase-1, C9orf72 Protein, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Animals, Autophagy, Disease Models, Animal, DNA-Binding Proteins, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Membrane Glycoproteins, Receptors, Immunologic, tau Proteins, Microglia, Disease Progression, RNA-Binding Protein FUS, Mice, Frontotemporal Dementia
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