The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Dendritic atrophy in children with down’s syndrome.
Abstract
Dendritic branching was evaluated in the visual cortex of 8 children with Down's syndrome and 10 controls, ranging in age from 4 months to 7 years and divided into infantile, late-infantile, and juvenile groups. Camera lucida drawings of Golgi-impregnated neurons were used for examining the following dendritic aspects: dendritic intersections as a function of distance from the cell body, point of maximum dendritic branching, number of branch orders, total number of branch segments, and total dendritic length. The number of intersections and the total dendritic length were above normal in the infantile period (6 months old or less) and dropped steadily to significantly below normal in the juvenile group (older than 2 years). These reductions contrasted with expanding dendritic arborization in normal children. The results suggest that the dendritic tree atrophies in early childhood in Down's syndrome.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Initially, in infants aged 0–6 months, the total dendritic length was longer in samples from individuals with DS compared to controls.”
From Neurodevelopment in Down syndrome: Concordance in humans and models (2022) · cites this paper as Becker et al., 1986
In the citing paper
“However, as development continued this difference reversed, with dendritic length becoming significantly shorter in samples from individuals with DS and persisting at least into childhood (7 years) (Becker et al., 1986).”
From Neurodevelopment in Down syndrome: Concordance in humans and models (2022) · cites this paper as Becker et al., 1986
In the citing paper
“However, the human equivalent age of the engrafted neurons (5–8 months) during this time period is comparable to the samples that show an increase spine number in human tissue (Becker et al., 1986).”
From Neurodevelopment in Down syndrome: Concordance in humans and models (2022) · cites this paper as Becker et al., 1986
Citations
Cites
Pattern Discrimination and the Visual Cortex
Sholl, D. A., & Uttley, A. M. (1953) · Nature · doi:10.1038/171387a0 · Cited by 605
Pattern of dendritic branching in occipital cortex of rats reared in complex environments
Greenough, W. T., & Volkmar, F. R. (1973) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(73)90090-3 · Cited by 536
Dendritic Growth in the Aged Human Brain and Failure of Growth in Senile Dementia
Buell, S. J., & Coleman, P. D. (1979) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.493989 · Cited by 475
Organization of cerebellar cortex secondary to deficit of granule cells in weaver mutant mice
RAKIC, P. T., & Sidman, R. L. (1973) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901520203 · Cited by 467
Takashima, S., Becker, L. E., Armstrong, D. L., & Chan, F. (1981) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(81)90314-0 · Cited by 307
Self-citationPyramidal cell abnormalities in the motor cortex of a child with Down's syndrome. A Golgi study
Marin‐Padilla, M. (1976) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901670105 · Cited by 285
Buell, S. J., & Coleman, P. D. (1981) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(81)90436-4 · Cited by 220
Down's syndrome: Is there a decreased population of neurons?
Ross, M. H., Galaburda, A. M., & Kemper, T. L. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.909 · Cited by 191
Suetsugu, M., & Mehraein, P. (1980) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00688755 · Cited by 190
Cupp, C. J., & Uemura, E. (1980) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(80)90150-8 · Cited by 155
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Coleman PD, 1968, Environmental effects on cortical dendritic fields. I. Rearing in the dark, J Anat (Lond), 102, 363
- Kurnit DM, 1980, A molecular approach to Down's syndrome, Down's syndrome, 3, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–279 of 279
Regulation of α‐synuclein expression in down syndrome
Ramakrishna, N., Meeker, H. C., Patel, S., Brown, T. W., & Idrissi, A. E. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23049 · Cited by 8
Congenital Anomalies and Genetic Associations in Hirschsprung’s Disease
Moore, S. W. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-33935-9_9 · Cited by 8
Kinney, H. C., & Volpe, J. J. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-42876-7.00007-7 · Cited by 8
Neuroembryology and brain malformations
Sarnat, H. B., & Flores‐Sarnat, L. (2013) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52891-9.00012-9 · Cited by 9
Meta-Analysis of Down Syndrome Cortical Development Reveals Underdeveloped State of the Science
Risgaard, K. A., Sorci, I. A., Mohan, S., & Bhattacharyya, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.915272 · Cited by 7
Esbensen, A. J., Schworer, E. K., & Hartley, S. L. (2024) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-66932-3_13 · Cited by 14
von Bartheld, C. S., Chand, A., & Wang, L. (2025) · Ophthalmic Epidemiology · doi:10.1080/09286586.2025.2500018 · Cited by 7
Rosa, L. D., Fasano, D., Zerillo, L., Valente, V., Izzo, A., Mollo, N., Amodio, G., Polishchuk, E., Polishchuk, R., Melone, M. A. B., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.867989 · Cited by 7
Wang, C. C., Kazuki, Y., Oshimura, M., Ikeo, K., & Gojobori, T. (2011) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2011.04.003 · Cited by 7
SUZUKI, A., Takashima, S., Mizuguchi, M., Kato, M., Kunishita, T., & Tabira, T. (1994) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.174.181 · Cited by 7
A yeast model of Down syndrome
Moldrich, R. X. (2007) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.10.001 · Cited by 7
Neuropathology of Alzheimer’s disease in Down syndrome
Mann, D. M. A. (2018) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315376875-2 · Cited by 6
Reduced Inferior Olivary Neuron Number in Early Down Syndrome
Pine, S. S., Landing, B. H., & Shankle, W. R. (1997) · Pediatric Pathology & Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1080/15513819709168730 · Cited by 6
Epidemiology of mental retardation in children
Murphy, C. C., Boyle, C. A., Schendel, D., Decouflé, P., & Yeargin‐Allsopp, M. (1998) · Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2779(1998)4:1 · Cited by 79
López‐Hidalgo, R., Ballestín, R., Lorenzo, L., Sánchez-Martí, S., Blasco‐Ibáñez, J. M., Crespo, C., Nácher, J., & Varea, E. (2024) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105679 · Cited by 6
ZBTB21 suppresses CRE-mediated transcription to impair synaptic function in Down syndrome
Qiao, M., Huang, Q. Q., Wang, X., & Han, J. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adm7373 · Cited by 6
Infantile Spasms in Pediatric Down Syndrome: Potential Mechanisms Driving Therapeutic Considerations
Stafstrom, C. E., & Shao, L. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11121513 · Cited by 5
Monroy, E., Aguilar‐Hernández, L., de la Cruz‐López, F., Flores, G., & Morales‐Medina, J. C. (2025) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-025-03002-7 · Cited by 5
McNerney, M. W., Mobley, W. C., & Salehi, A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.01963-5 · Cited by 5
Trisomie 21, Demenz vom Alzheimer-Typ und Epilepsie
Martin, P. (2011) · Clinical Epileptology · doi:10.1007/s10309-011-0212-8 · Cited by 5
Sancristóbal, B., Tastekin, I., & Dierssen, M. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804078-2.00005-2 · Cited by 5
Molecular Pathways of Down Syndrome Critical Region Genes
Di, F., & Berto, G. E. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/53000 · Cited by 6
Synaptic Vesicle Recycling Is Unaffected in the Ts65Dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome
Marland, J. R. K., Smillie, K. J., & Cousin, M. A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147974 · Cited by 5
RCAN1 and Its Potential Contribution to the Down Syndrome Phenotype
Melanie, A., & Katherine, R. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/52977 · Cited by 4
Development of prefrontal layer III pyramidal neurons in infants with Down syndrome
Vukšić, M., Petanjek, Z., & Kostović, I. (2011) · Translational Neuroscience · doi:10.2478/s13380-011-0027-0 · Cited by 4
Morphological Brain Changes in Chronic Pain
Newman, E., Moulton, E. A., Becerra, L. R., & Borsook, D. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-398389-3.00002-9 · Cited by 6
Sohn, S., Weitzdoerfer, R., Mori, N., & Lübec, G. (2003) · Journal of neural transmission. Supplementum · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-6721-2_5 · Cited by 4
Developmental Abnormalities of Dendrites of the Cerebral Cortical Neurons in Mental Retardation*
Takashima, S., Mito, T., & HASHIMOTO, K. (1987) · Congenital Anomalies · doi:10.1111/j.1741-4520.1987.tb00724.x · Cited by 4
Broadbent, H. J., & Mareschal, D. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119171492.wecad104 · Cited by 4
Dendrite development: vertebrates
Lefebvre, J. L., & Marocha, J. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814407-7.00012-2 · Cited by 4
Jin, J., Doan, J., Fernandez, C., Nguyen, S., Spencer, C., & Kleschevnikov, A. M. (2025) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115171 · Cited by 3
Cellularity Defects Are Not Ubiquitous in the Brains of Fetuses With Down Syndrome
Emili, M., Stagni, F., Bonasoni, M., Guidi, S., & Bartesaghi, R. (2024) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.22953 · Cited by 3
Infantile spasms in Down syndrome: a good response to vitamin B6
Cersósimo, R. O., Garro, F., Kesler, K., Fejerman, N., & Caraballo, R. H. (2015) · Journal of Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-0035-1557185 · Cited by 3
Normale und pathologische Entwicklung des Nervensystems
Hori, A. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59371-0_2 · Cited by 3
Congenital Anomalies and Genetic Associations in Hirschsprung’s Disease
Moore, S. W. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-15647-3_11 · Cited by 3
Development and Aging in Down’s Syndrome
Wisniewski, K. E., & Dambska, M. (1992) · Birkhäuser Boston eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6805-2_8 · Cited by 3
Chiarenza, G. A., & Bosch‐Bayard, J. (2024) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2024.112485 · Cited by 2
de Weger, C., Boonstra, F. N., & Goossens, J. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-96308-5 · Cited by 2
Neuronal Plasticity in the Developing and Aging Cerebral Cortices of Patients with Down Syndrome
Takahashi, M. T. S. (2014) · International Journal of Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.4172/2376-0281.1000111 · Cited by 2
Epstein, C. J. (1988) · Research and perspectives in Alzheimer's disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-73647-6_9 · Cited by 2
Brown, S. (2002) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470776216.ch7 · Cited by 2
Normale und pathologische Entwicklung des Nervensystems
Hori, A., & Peiffer, J. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-85179-7_2 · Cited by 2
Greber, S., Lübec, G., Cairns, N. J., & Fountoulakis, M. (1999) · doi:10.1002/9783527613489.ch45 · Cited by 2
Quach, T., & Duchemin, A. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106212 · Cited by 1
Dysplasias in Chromosome Anomalies
Friede, R. L. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-73697-1_31 · Cited by 1
Bowman, A. B., Ess, K. C., Kumar, K. K., & Summar, K. L. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397267-5.00130-8 · Cited by 1
Neuroembryology and Congenital Malformations
Jacobson, S., Marcus, E. M., & Pugsley, S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60187-8_3 · Cited by 1
The psychophysiology of “covert” goal-directed behavior
Chiarenza, G. A. (2023) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2023.01.006 · Cited by 1
Historical review: The golden age of the Golgi method in human neuropathology
Ferrer, I. (2024) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlae031 · Cited by 1
Haynes, R. L., Kinney, H. C., & Volpe, J. J. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-10513-5.00007-3 · Cited by 1
Modeling Down Syndrome Neurodevelopment with Dosage Compensation
Czerminski, J. T. (2019) · eScholarship@UMassChan · doi:10.13028/j7xf-1q21 · Cited by 1
Capowski, J. J., & Johnson, E. M. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5691-2_6 · Cited by 1
The Human OFC, vmPFC, and ACC : Development and Evolution
Wilder, L. (2014) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 1
Normale und pathologische Entwicklung des Nervensystems
Hori, A. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02324-8_3 · Cited by 1
Morphological Developmental Delay in the Brain in Down Syndrome
Mito, T., Takashima, S., & Becker, L. E. (1993) · Neuropathology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1789.1993.tb00211.x · Cited by 1
Self-citationNeurobiology of Autism, Mental Retardation, and Down Syndrome: What Can We Learn about Intelligence?
Lawrence, C. J., Lott, I. T., & Haier, R. J. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-48649-0_6 · Cited by 1
Goldman, J. S., & Kennedy, T. E. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118015759.ch22 · Cited by 1
Restoring DSCAM expression rescues neuronal morphology and axon guidance deficits in Down syndromePreprint
Agrawal, M., Kirkise, N., Rygel, K., Sahoo, P. K., Vincent, C. J., Joyner, D., Aguilar-Alvarez, R., Philip, T. R., Dhillon, P. S., Patel, J., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.07.25.666804 · Cited by 1
Chapter 6 Progress in Understanding the Genetics of Epilepsy
Stafstrom, C. E., Prasad, A. N., Prasad, C., & Slevin, J. T. (1999) · Advances in cell aging and gerontology · doi:10.1016/s1566-3124(08)60026-7
Neuroembryology and Congenital Malformations
Jacobson, S., & Marcus, E. M. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9653-4_3
Wisniewski, K. E., Kida, E., Kuchna, I., Wierzba‐Bobrowicz, T., & Dambska, M. (1997) · Research and perspectives in neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60861-2_11
Ts65Dn: un modèle murin du syndrome de Down
Davisson, M. T., & Costa, A. C. S. (1998) · Annales de l Institut Pasteur / Actualités · doi:10.1016/s0924-4204(99)80011-0
Fonctionnelle, U. B. (2012)
Growth in Individuals with Down Syndrome
Fidler, D. J., & Daunhauer, L. A. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1795-9_133
Takashima, M., Kai, S., Takahashi, S., FUJIMOTO, T., 横尾, 正., & Takashima, S. (2011) · Rigakuryoho Kagaku · doi:10.1589/rika.26.347
Porter, H. L., Tharpe, A. M., Grantham, D. W., & Ashmead, D. H. (2012)
Cognitive function in mice with segmental trisomy of human chromosome 21 Down Syndrome genes
Canonica, T. (2019) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
Neuroembryology and Congenital Malformations
Marcus, E. M., Jacobson, S., & Sabin, T. D. (2014) · doi:10.1093/med/9780199744435.003.0004
Transient receptor potential-canonical channels in the nervous systemPreprint
Tong, Y., Yang, J., & Du, L. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2942749/v1
Dendritic arbor dynamics and stability in health and disease
Mlostek, M., Zeng, J., Urbańska, M., & Jaworski, J. (2023) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.55782/ane-2023-2456
Jandy, M., Hu, H., Liu, Y., & Bhattacharyya, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78611-2_7
Using Drosophila to Study the Mechanisms That Underlie Down Syndrome
Ye, B. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78611-2_5
Bartesaghi, R., Chen, X., Johnstone, A. D., Das, U., & Mobley, W. C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-89307-0_19
Jacobson, S., Pugsley, S., & Marcus, E. M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41816-7_3
Alzheimer’s Disease, Down Syndrome, and Parkinson’s Disease: Selected Pathologic Features
Wisniewski, H. M., Bendheim, P. E., & Bolton, D. C. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6414-0_8
Congenital, Non-inheritable Chromosomal Abnormalities Responsible for Neurological Disorders
Bianchi, R., & D’Adamo, P. (2009) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-287-2_10
Greber (1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990101)20:4/5
Metadata
- Authors
- Becker, L. E., Armstrong, D. L., & Chan, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Becker, L. E.
- ORCID
- Becker, L. E.
- Venue
- Annals of Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1986-10
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 520-526
- ISSN
- 0364-5134 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8249
- OpenAlex
- W2137900611
- Cited by
- 279
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 5.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Williams Syndrome Research
- Keywords
- Down syndrome, dendritic atrophy, dendritic branching, visual cortex, dendritic length, children
- MeSH terms
- Child, Preschool, Dendrites, Down Syndrome, Humans, Infant, Visual Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review