Observations of the living developing nerve fiber
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Harrison isolated fragments of frog embryonic nervous tissue in clotted adult frog lymph and observed living nerve fibers extending into the clot, showing that the fiber grows by the outflowing of protoplasm whose distal end retains amoeboid activity. This provided direct evidence that the axis cylinder is drawn out by amoeboid movement of the nerve cell's protoplasm, without participation of other cells.
Key findings
- Fibers leaving the nerve-tissue mass into the surrounding lymph-clot were usually first seen 2, occasionally 3, and once or twice 4 days after isolation; they are almost hyaline protoplasm devoid of yolk granules, about 1.5–3 µ thick, with irregular varicosities along their contours.
- The most remarkable feature is the enlarged end, from which extend numerous fine simple or branched filaments resembling rhizopods, with continual and rapid changes in form — "a mass of protoplasm undergoing amoeboid movements."
- When observed before growth was complete, the active end drew out and lengthened the fiber: one fiber lengthened almost 20 µ in 25 minutes, another over 25 µ in 50 minutes; the longest fibers observed were 0.2 mm.
- Branchial placodal thickenings formed similar fibers (in several cases seen to arise from individual cells), whereas myotomes, yolk endoderm, notochord, and indifferent ectoderm of the abdominal region did not — indicating a specific characteristic of nervous tissue.
- In embryos in which a segment of medullary cord was replaced by a cylindrical blood/lymph clot, serial sections after 2–4 days showed funicular fibers from the brain and anterior cord (naked axones without sheath cells) had grown a considerable distance into the clot, confirming that the fiber develops by outflowing of protoplasm from central cells, with no other cells or living structures taking part.
Methods
- Pieces of embryonic tissue known to give rise to nerve fibers (whole or fragments of the medullary tube, or ectoderm from the branchial region) were dissected from frog embryos about 3 mm long, shortly after closure of the medullary folds, when no visible differentiation of nerve elements is present.
- Tissue was transferred by fine pipette to a cover slip bearing a drop of lymph freshly drawn from an adult frog lymph-sac; the lymph clots quickly, fixing the tissue, and the cover slip was inverted over a hollow slide with the rim sealed with paraffine. With reasonable aseptic precautions, tissues lived a week and in some cases nearly four weeks, and could be observed daily under high magnification.
- For permanent preparations, a piece of medullary cord about four or five segments long was excised and replaced by a cylindrical clot of adult frog blood or lymph clotted in a capillary tube; after 2, 3, or 4 days specimens were preserved and examined in serial sections.
Limitations
- Stated: the cell aggregates making up organs do not undergo normal transformation in form, owing in part to abnormal conditions of mechanical tension, though individual tissue elements differentiate characteristically.
- Stated: because fibers develop largely within the mass of transplanted tissue itself, their mode of development cannot always be followed.
- Stated: permanent specimens showing isolated living fibers completely intact could not be made — the structures are so delicate that mere immersion in preserving fluid causes violent tearing, often tearing the tissue entirely from the clot; sections of some specimens showed nerves traced from the medullary tube walls but broken off short.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 1 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingnone given
Masses of cells from myotomes differentiate into muscle fibers showing fibrillae with typical striations.
“Masses of cells taken from the myotomes differentiate into muscle fibers showing fibrillz with typical striations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The longest fibers observed were 0.2 mm in length.
“The longest fibers observed were 0.2 mm.i n length.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Tissues from frog embryos isolated in lymph clot live under these conditions for a week, and in some cases nearly four weeks.
“When reasonable aseptic precautions are taken, tissues will live under these conditions for a week and in some cases specimens have been kept alive for nearly four weeks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
When portions of myotomes are left attached to a piece of medullary cord, the muscle fibers which develop exhibit frequent contractions after two or three days.
“When portions of myotomes are left attached to a piece of the medullary cord the muscle fibers which develop will, after two or three days, exhibit frequent contractions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The fibers consist of almost hyaline protoplasm, entirely devoid of yolk granules, with which the cell-bodies are gorged.
“They consist of an almost liyaline protoplasm, entirely devoid of the ~o l k granules, with which the cell-bodies are gorged.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingcitation
The similarity of the end structures is especially so in the case of fibers connected with the giant cells described by Bohon and Beard.
“This is especially so in the case of tlic fibers which are connected with the giant cclls described by Bohon and Beard.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bohon and Beard
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
When the fiber is observed before it has completed its growth, the end is very active and its movement results in the drawing out and lengthening of the fiber to which it is attached.
“Still niorc instructive are the cases in mhicli the film is brought undcr ol.isen-ation be.fore it has completed its growth.Then i t is found that tlic eiid is rcr: active and that its moveinent results in the drawing out and lengthening of tlie fiber to which i t is attachcd.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In sections of young normal embryos shortly after the first nerves have developed, exactly similar structures are found at the end of the developing nerve fibers.
“If we examine sections of young normal embryos sliortly after tlie first nerves have developed, we find exactly similar structures a t the end of the developing neri-e fibers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
It has not been found possible to make permanent specimens showing the isolated nerve fibers completely intact.
“It has not :I:: yci: h e n found possible to make pmnanent specimens which slion-the isnlai(.(li i w w fibers complctely intact.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Funicular fibers from the brain and anterior part of the cord, consisting of naked axones without sheath cells, had grown for a considerable distance into the clot.
“It was found that the funicular fibers form the brain and anterior part of the cord, consisting of naked axones without sheath cells, had grown for a considerable distance into the clot.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Other tissues of the embryo, such as myotomes, yolk endoderm, notochord, and indifferent ectoderm from the abdominal region, do not give rise to structures of this kind.
“On the other hand, other tissues of the embrFo, such as m>otomes, yolk endodcrm, notochord, and indiffcrcnt ectorlerm form thc abdominal region do not give rise to structures of this kind.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the majority of cases, fibers were not observed until they had almost completed their development, having been found usually two, occasionally three, and once or twice four days after isolation of the tissue.
“I n the majority of cases the fibers were not observed until they had alniosi; completed their development, having been found usually two, occasionall!-three, and once or twice four dais after isolation of the tissue.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The mass of protoplasm at the fiber end is undergoing amoeboid movements.
“It is clear we have before us a mass of protoplasm undergoing amtuboid morenicnts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
The mere outgrowth of the fibers is largely independent of external stimuli.
“While at present it seems certain that the mere outgrowth of the fibers is largely independent of external stimuli, it is, of course, probable that in the body of the embryo there are many influences which guide the nioying end and bring about contact with the proper end structure.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
No other cells or living structures take part in the process of nerve fiber development.
“S o other cells or living structures take part in this process.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The nerve fiber develops by the outflowing of protoplasm from the central cells.
“These observations show beyond question that the nerve fiber develops by the outflowing of protoplasm from the central cells.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The structures observed are a specific characteristic of nervous tissue.
“Thrrc can, therefore, be no doubt that wc are dealing with a spccific characitcrist.ic of nervous tissue.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 13
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 1
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataCell aggregates from different organs do not undergo normal transformation in form, owing in part to abnormal mechanical tension, but individual tissue elements do differentiate characteristically.
“While the cell aggregates, which make up the different organs and organ complexes of the embryo, do not undergo normal transformation in form, owing, no doubt, in part, to the abnormal conditions of mechanical tension to which they are subjected; nevertheless, the individual tissue elements do differentiate characteristically.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn pieces of nervous tissue, numerous fibers are formed, though largely within the transplanted tissue itself, so their mode of development cannot always be followed.
“In pieces of nervous tissue numerous fibers are formed, though, owing to the fact that they are developed largely within the mass Read before the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine at the 23d meeting, New York, May 22, 1907. of transplanted tissue itself, their mode of development cannot always be followed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe end swelling bears a resemblance to certain rhizopods and close observation reveals a continual change in form, especially as regards the origin and branching of the filaments.
“The end swelling bears a resemblancc to certain rhizopoils and close observation reveals a continual change in form, espwially as rcgards the origin and branching of the filaments.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataWhen placodal thickenings of the branchial region are isolated, similar fibers are formed, and in several cases they have been seen to arise from individual cells.
“When t.he placoclal thickenings of the branchial region are isolated, similar fibers are formed and in several of these eases they have been wen to arise from individual cells.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenGroups of epidermis cells round themselves off into spheres or stretch into long bands, their cilia remain active for a week or more, and a typical cuticular border develops.
“Groups of epidermis cells round themselves off into little spheres or stretch out into long bands, their cilia remain active for a week or more and a typical cuticular border develops.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataWithin the fiber protoplasm there is no definiteness of structure, though a faint fibrillation may sometimes be observed and faintly-defined granules are discernible.
“Within this protoplasm thcrc is no definiteness of structure; thougli a faint fibrillation may sonictiines be observed and faintly-defined granules are discernible.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe most remarkable feature of the fiber is its enlarged end, from which extend numerous fine simple or branched filaments.
“The most remarkable feature of the film is its enlarged end, from nhicli estcnd numerous fine simple or branched filaments.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe fibers are about 1.5-3 p thick and their contours show irregular varicosities.
“The fibers are about 1.5-3 p thick and their contours show here and tliere irregular varicosities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenThe structures are so delicate that mere immersion in preserving fluid causes violent tearing and frequently tears the tissue in its entirety from the clot.
“The structures are so delicaie that.tlitr mere immersion in the preserving fluid is sufficient to cause violent tearing and this very frequently results in the tearing away of the tissue in its entirety from the clot.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSections have been cut of some specimens and nerves have been traced from the walls of the medullary tube, but they were in all cases broken off short.
“Nevertheless, sections have been cut of some of the specimens and nerves have been traced from the walls of the medullary tube but they were in all cases broken off short.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataOne fiber was observed to lengthen almost 20 p in 25 minutes, and another over 25 p in 50 minutes.
“One fiber was 01)scn-cd to lengt.lienalmost 20 p in 25 minutes, another over 25 p in 50 miniites.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe development of the nerve fiber is brought about by amoeboid movement, a primitive property of living protoplasm, which is probably common to some extent to all cells of the embryo but especially accentuated in nerve cells at this period of development.
“The development of the nerve fiber is thus brought about by means of one of the very primitive properties of living protoplasm, amceboid moyement, which, though probably common to some extent to all the cells of the embryo, is especially accentuated in the nerve cells at this period of development.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenIn the body of the embryo there are many influences which guide the moving end and bring about contact with the proper end structure.
“While at present it seems certain that the mere outgrowth of the fibers is largely independent of external stimuli, it is, of course, probable that in the body of the embryo there are many influences which guide the nioying end and bring about contact with the proper end structure.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThis protoplasm retains its amoeboid activity at its distal end, the result being that it is drawn out into a long thread which becomes the axis cylinder.
“This protoplasm retains its aniceboid activity at its distal end, the result being that it is drawn out into a long thread which becomes the axis cylinder.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The whole or fragments of the medullary tube, or ectoderm from the branchial region, are known to give rise to nerve fibers.
“The method employed was to isolate pieces of embryonic tissue, known to gh-e rise to nerve fibers, as for example, the whole or fragments of the medullary tube, or ectoderm from the branchial region, and to observe their further development.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Frog embryos about 3 mm long, shortly after closure of the medullary folds, have no visible differentiation of nerve elements.
“The pieces were taken from frog embryos about 3 mm.long at which stage, i. e., shortly after the closure of the medullary folds, there is no visible differentiation of the nerve elements.”
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- Authors
- Harrison, R. G., Greenman, M. J., Mall, F. P., & Jackson, C. M.
- Venue
- The Anatomical Record
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1907-06
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 116-128
- ISSN
- 0003-276X (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0185
- OpenAlex
- W2170806689
- Semantic Scholar
- 2108d571d9e512cd76863d0b7922f55e32fa66b3
- Cited by
- 515
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 1.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Anatomical Record (publishedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anatomy › Medical and Biological Sciences
- Keywords
- axon growth, nerve regeneration, axon ultrastructure
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-30.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-30.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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