Non‐ASD outcomes at 36 months in siblings at familial risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD): A baby siblings research consortium (BSRC) study
Open accessAbstract
We characterized developmental outcomes of a large sample of siblings at familial high‐risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), who themselves did not have ASD ( n = 859), and low‐risk controls with no family history of ASD ( n = 473). We report outcomes at age 3 years using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning, the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), the Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised (ADI‐R) and adaptive functioning on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Around 11% of high‐risk siblings had mild‐to‐moderate levels of developmental delay, a rate higher than the low‐risk controls. The groups did not differ in the proportion of toddlers with mild‐to‐moderate language delay. Thirty percent of high‐risk siblings had elevated scores on the ADOS, double the rate seen in the low‐risk controls. High‐risk siblings also had higher parent reported levels of ASD symptoms on the ADI‐R and lower adaptive functioning on the Vineland. Males were more likely to show higher levels of ASD symptoms and lower levels of developmental ability and adaptive behavior than females across most measures but not mild‐to‐moderate language delay. Lower maternal education was associated with lower developmental and adaptive behavior outcomes. These findings are evidence for early emerging characteristics related to the “broader autism phenotype” (BAP) previously described in older family members of individuals with ASD. There is a need for ongoing clinical monitoring of high‐risk siblings who do not have an ASD by age 3 years, as well as continued follow‐up into school age to determine their developmental and behavioral outcomes. Autism Res 2017, 10: 169–178 . © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Among high-risk siblings who do not develop ASD, many demonstrate lower levels of verbal, nonverbal, and motor functioning than their low-risk counterparts.
“Among high-risk siblings who do not develop ASD, many demonstrate lower levels of verbal, nonverbal, and motor functioning than their low-risk counterparts [4–6].”
From EEG power at 3 months in infants at high familial risk for autism (2017) · cites this paper as [6]
Infants at familial risk for autism are also at increased risk for altered developmental functioning in non-autism-specific domains.
“and infants at familial risk for autism are also at increased risk for altered developmental functioning in non-autism-specific domains.”
From EEG power at 3 months in infants at high familial risk for autism (2017) · cites this paper as [6]
Infants carrying a familial high-risk ASD endophenotype can present with altered development in multiple domains.
“This is consistent with studies suggesting that infants carrying a familial high-risk ASD endophenotype can present with altered development in multiple domains [4, 6].”
From EEG power at 3 months in infants at high familial risk for autism (2017) · cites this paper as [6]
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- Authors
- Charman, T., Young, G. S., Brian, J., Carter, A., Carver, L. J., Chawarska, K., Curtin, S., Dobkins, K., Elsabbagh, M., Georgiades, S., Hertz‐Picciotto, I., Hutman, T., Iverson, J. M., Jones, E. J., Landa, R., Macari, S., Messinger, D. S., Nelson, C. A., Ozonoff, S., Saulnier, C., Stone, W. L., Tager‐Flusberg, H., Webb, S. J., Yirmiya, N., & Zwaigenbaum, L.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- University of Massachusetts Boston (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Yale University (US)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- McGill University (CA)
- McMaster University (CA)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Birkbeck, University of London (GB)
- Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
- University of Miami (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Boston University
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Charman, Tony
- ORCID
- Charman, Tony
- Young, Gregory S.
- Brian, Jessica
- Carter, Alice
- Carver, Leslie J.
- Chawarska, Katarzyna
- Curtin, Suzanne
- Elsabbagh, Mayada
- Hertz‐Picciotto, Irva
- Iverson, Jana M.
- Jones, Emily J.
- Landa, Rebecca
- Macari, Suzanne
- Messinger, Daniel S.
- Nelson, Charles A.
- Ozonoff, Sally
- Saulnier, Celine
- Stone, Wendy L.
- Webb, Sara Jane
- Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie
- Venue
- Autism Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-07-15
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 169-178
- ISSN
- 1939-3792 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-3806
- PMC
- PMC5993543
- OpenAlex
- W2489557975
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 9.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Autism Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01DC010290; R01HD057284; R01GM105004; R01DC010290; R21DC008637; R01MH087554; PO1HD003008 R01HD054979; R01MH059630; R01MH068398; P50HD055782; R01HD064820; K01MH096961; U54 MH068172; P50 HD55784; R01HD057284)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, broader autism phenotype, developmental delay, language delay, adaptive behavior, sex differences, maternal education
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Risk, Siblings
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