Evidence That Autistic Traits Show the Same Etiology in the General Population and at the Quantitative Extremes (5%, 2.5%, and 1%)
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Genetic factors play an important role in the etiology of both autism spectrum disorders and autistic traits. However, little is known about the etiologic consistency of autistic traits across levels of severity. OBJECTIVE: To compare the etiology of typical variation in autistic traits with extreme scoring groups (including top 1%) that mimicked the prevalence of diagnosed autism spectrum disorders in the largest twin study of autistic traits to date. DESIGN: Twin study using phenotypic analysis and genetic model-fitting in the total sample and extreme scoring groups (top 5%, 2.5%, and 1%). SETTING: A nationally representative twin sample from the general population of England. PARTICIPANTS: The families of 5968 pairs aged 12 years old in the Twins' Early Development Study. Main Outcome Measure Autistic traits as assessed by the Childhood Autism Spectrum Test. RESULTS: Moderate to high heritability was found for autistic traits in the general population (53% for females and 72% for males). High heritability was found in extreme-scoring groups. There were no differences in heritability among extreme groups or between the extreme groups and the general population. A continuous liability shift toward autistic trait affectedness was seen in the cotwins of individuals scoring in the top 1%, suggesting shared etiology between extreme scores and normal variation. CONCLUSION: This evidence of similar etiology across normal variation and the extremes has implications for molecular genetic models of autism spectrum disorders and for conceptualizing autism spectrum disorders as the quantitative extreme of a neurodevelopmental continuum.
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Underlying autistic traits are genetic susceptibilities that are common across the general population and at the extreme ends, and for clinically defined ASD.
“Underlying autistic traits are genetic susceptibilities that are common across the general population and at the extreme ends [24], and for clinically defined ASD [25].”
From Subgrouping the Autism Spectrum: Reflections on DSM-5 (2013) · cites this paper as [24]
ASDs have been reported to represent the extreme end of a normal distribution of autistic-like traits, suggesting that these disorders, and autistic-like traits, are etiologically linked.
“ASDs have been reported to represent the extreme end of a normal distribution of autistic-like traits, suggesting that these disorders, and autistic-like traits, are etiologically linked”
From An oxytocin-induced facilitation of neural and emotional responses to social touch correlates inversely with autism traits (2014) · cites this paper as Robinson et al, 2011
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- Authors
- Robinson, E. B.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Robinson, Elise B.
- ORCID
- Robinson, Elise B.
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2011-11-01
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1113
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3708488
- OpenAlex
- W2040451230
- Cited by
- 322
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 11.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Autism Speaks (AS1650)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH017119, R25MH071286, MH71286)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- autistic traits, autism spectrum disorder, heritability, genetic etiology, liability threshold model, Twins Early Development Study
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Diseases in Twins, England, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Genetic, Research Design, Severity of Illness Index, Twins, Prevalence, Quantitative Trait, Heritable, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Gene-Environment Interaction
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